Night by Elie Wiesel an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Night by Elie Wiesel by Expert Bella Hamilton | 19 Dec 2016 Larson: Firstly, as a reporter, it is my duty to congratulate you on your winning the Nobel Prize for such a small book of just 128 pages. Need essay sample on "Night by Elie Wiesel" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Wiesel: It is a small book going by the number of pages. But going by its contents, it is the story of the four darkest years of the century, which concerns the entire humanity. Larson: There are several books on World War II, and the Nazi cruelties. What makes your book special? People Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper in time? Essay writers propose: Essay Help Provided Here With Beneficial Facilities! Top Essay Writing Company Wiesel: It is not for me to say that the book is special. Readers have found something touching about the contents. But I do wish to say one thing. The book is not written by pen, but through the strong emotions of the heart. Larson: What was the special appeal about the contents of the book? Wiesel: The story of the intense human tragedy. Many of the readers of the book, who directly and indirectly suffered the consequences of World War II, must have recollected their missing mother, raped sister, God forbid, friends and relatives, blood stream, the flying pieces of human flesh and the stinking bodies etc. Larson: Now, coming to your inpidual suffering, what was the life like between the years 1941 to 1945? Wiesel: The expectation of death every moment! The strong feeling that how God can run the affairs of human beings like this? How, human beings, claiming to be sparks of pinity, behave in such a dastardly manner. How can they gas the babies, bayonet and kill them in the most heinous manner? Why those who have the cross dangling on the neck, have no Christ in the heart? Larson: Please describe in detail about the concentration camps. Wiesel: It doesnt need the intelligent vocabulary for the graphic description. Horrid, horrid and more horrid! As I and my father were shifted from camp to camp, we never thought we shall stay alive to reach the next camp. With every shifting, the number of internees diminished. The style in which internees were butchered, are not even comparable to an animal slaughterhouse. Even the killing of animals has a purpose-to secure meat and protein for the appetite of human beings. Here the killings were purposeless. Without any previous enmity! Larson: Name the worst thing that happened to you. Wiesel: That I am still alivethe day we were separated from the rest of the family, mother and my dear sister, life was worst than death thereafter. We were a happy family. Larson: As a boy of 15 then, how did you absorb such grave shocks? Wiesel: My father beside was a great consolation. But for his presence, I just do not know what would have happened to me. Perhaps I would have been a patient in the lunatic asylum. Larson: And what was the silver lining? Wiesel: The final liberation by the American troops. Larson: Did you ever have the ambition to become a writer? Wiesel: Nevernor did I have any opportunity or enthusiasm to write down the notes of the day to day happenings during those four demonic years. Slightest suspicion on the part of the camp authorities would invite tortuous death. The dark events that were committed to memory, also by knowing which, the world outside would have a chance to know the realities of that ignoble period, are taken care of in the book. The description of the brutalities can go on and on endlessly. That is not the main purpose of the book. The book is a silent prayer to humanity that all must strive that such events are never repeated in future. Larson: How this can be achieved? Wiesel: If you mean any political creeds such as Capitalism, Socialism, Communism or Fascism can achieve it, it is impossible. The inpiduals are he building bricks of the society. The inpiduals need to change. Can any religion change people? The answer is both yes and no. Any religion, as it is practiced by the followers today, can not change the society. Mind-level conflicts are bogging down the real growth of religions. But practice of true spirituality can change human beings. Spirituality is something that transcends the mind. At that level, all differences cease; conflicts are no more there. We need to give such an orientation to human beings, right from childhood. When the thought process of the inpiduals changes, the action process also changes! When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed. Universal peace then becomes an attainable reality. Larson: How your Night is different from your other works A Beggar in Jerusalem, The Fifth Son etc. Wiesel: They are also issue-based books. But Night is something special. Such a book can be written by any author only once in the lifetime. It is a not a well-researched book as such. It is straight from the heart. It is the song of my life and that of my Jewish community. Larson: From a boy in the concentration camp, to become a Professor at the Boston University, and to win the Nobel Prize! Is not the change metamorphic? Dont you still believe in God? Wiesel: An inpidual thinks of issues related to God etc. from the level of the progression of his mind. It is true that as an intensely suffering and a boy with a shattered personality and the devastated family, anybody in my position would turn cynical and will not believe in the existence of God. I was not wrong then; and I am not wrong now. Some Supreme Power ever runs affairs of the world. Larson: Night is your first novel. Its success rate is tremendous. What are your feelings about it? Wiesel: Not one of joy for the success as such. It is the success of human tragedy. But if the number of copies sold is any indication, for the stir that it created in the readers heart, and for the positive outcomes of the samewell, I feel I am amply rewarded. Larson: Recollection of the past is sweet, when the present state of affairs is sound. Is that so in your case well? Wiesel: No. How do you say that the present state of affairs is sound? Mindless violence on various pretexts is happening even now, tough on a smaller scale. This has to totally stop. Wiesel can never be the normal man, whatever is the level of present comfortable conditions. The image of the horror camps and that of the pile of stinking bodies at the crematoriums is ever imprinted on the portals of his mind. Larson: Thank you very much for the information Mr. Wiesel. Any final message to the humanity! Wiesel: The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed on account of mindless violence in World War I and II, Nanking, Nazi concentration camps, religious intolerance, color and race conflicts, aggrandizement of wealth, and territorial annexations, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct, Eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflictsenough, these alone are enough! References Cited: Wiesel, Elie: Book: Night. Mass Market Paperback: 128 pages Publisher: Bantam (March 1, 1982) Language: English ISBN-10: 0553272535,ISBN-13: 978-0553272536

How to Write a Book Review

How to Write a Book Review Many book aficionados write reviews. Thats great. However, if you are interested in writing reviews for publication or payment, you might consider how to formally write a review. In my own search for guidance, I came across this site that actually offers templates to escort you through the process. mybookbag.net.au/book-review-template/ But whether you write reviews for Amazon, blogs, magazines or newsletters/ezines, consider getting the formula right. Become known for your reviews and you might wind up as a paid reviewer, or as a minimum have a blog with advertisers knocking on your door. The University of North Carolina has a great post on this at its Writing Center. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/book-reviews/ Basically, a reviewer gives the reader a concise summary, offers a critical assessment (good and bad), and ends the review with a suggestion as to whether the audience would enjoy the book. Drus Book Musings is a fine example of prolific reviewing. She leans toward the cozy mystery but isnt limited Or you can do reviews awash with humor or sarcasm or dark slaps, creating a voice for yourself. Some of NPRs reviews are done in that vein, such as Christian Grey Began His Fictional Career as a Vampire. npr.org/2015/02/08/384695847/christian-grey-began-his-fictional-career-as-a-vampire Or you can write for online magazines like Charleston Currents, a journal for the South Carolina Lowcountry. http://charlestoncurrents.com/ Or Columbia, SCs Free Times. It took my best query abilities to entice the arts editor to provide an interview/book review of the Carolina Slade series. free-times.com/arts/agriculture-experience-bears-fruit-in-south-carolina-mystery-series-052814 You can become known for book reviews, but like all forms of writing, you have to be a honed writer, diligent, and consistent. It takes time, but you can find a way to take your enjoyment of reading to the book review level. It takes practice, hard work, and a knack for querying like all writing. Or you can do reviews on your own, on your blog, and in that case, you need to build up your following and let authors know you are there for them. Then warn the postal person, because free books will flood your living room! FINAL NOTE: Of course, if you need practice, you are welcome to do so with a Carolina Slade or Edisto Island Mystery. How to Write a Book Review How to Write a Book Review Free Online Research Papers Introduction (in this section you need to include the author of the book, title of the book, year of publication, and notify the reader about the content of your book review.) Brief information about the author (in this part of book review format you need to include some details about the author; for example, why did the author write the book, what was his intention, is there a link between his life and themes of the books, etc.) Summary (summary section of book review format should cover the plot of the book; you need to limit this section to one or two paragraphs as your primary task is to write not the summary but a review) Overview and analysis of key themes (you need to talk about the issues raised by the author, main characters, etc. You need to be careful to avoid writing a book summary instead of review. Therefore, pay special attention to the language used by the author. Are the themes covered sufficiently? Are the main characters well-developed? Why does the author focus on the specific theme?) Critical analysis (this section of your book review is the most important one. Here you need to express your personal opinion about the book and justify your positive or negative evaluation). Your review should conclude with your personal observations. 1. Has the book challenged you intellectually, increasing your Knowledge, raising new questions, and/or presenting the material in a novel or provocative manner? On the other hand, does the author simply rehash what everyone already knows? 2. How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or reinforced due to this book? 3. Let the reader know whether or not the book is worth reading and why. In other words, why should anyone read it Research Papers on How to Write a Book ReviewHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMind TravelStandardized TestingMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paper

Queer critiques of gay marriage Annotated Bibliography

Queer critiques of gay marriage - Annotated Bibliography Example In the article, the community notes that the number of homosexuals has grown despite the widespread negativity the members face. The second article adopts an equally critical stand as it investigates the cost of achieving equality for the LGBT community. The author of the article understands the society’s skewed and skeptic approach to homosexuality despite the growing number of gays and lesbians in the society. In constructing their articles, the respective authors uphold some of the basic guidelines of writing. The make essential citations thereby enhancing the authority of the claims they make. In retrospect, the two articles are valid reports that make good arguments. Furthermore, they are good sources owing to the authors’ ability to present their facts systematically and attempt to provide evidence by citing the works appropriately. The LGBT community in the country sought to develop a new strategic vision to help redirect their future endeavors. The new vision seeks to safeguard immense economic benefits for gays, lesbians, transgender and bisexuals in the country. The article seeks to safeguard the acceptance, respect and recognition for members of the community in every feature of the society and numerous states within the country. In justifying their new vision, the community explains a number of intricate features of the society including the diversity in families and households as the number of homosexuals grow throughout the country. The community argues that the increase in its size implies that a greater number of people continue to face economic stress. The community uses its experience and experience on the issue by analyzing official reports in coming up with the blueprint. Despite such attempts, the article lacks statistical proof of the issues it raises a feature that make it inflammatory. The article vouches for equality for the LGBT community. The

Performance appraisal policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance appraisal policies - Essay Example Walmart, Google and Apple are very reputed companies in the global market and hold a significant place in the list of Fortune 500 companies. Discussing about the performance appraisal of these companies this can be said that Walmart is using performance appraisal system for the purpose of evaluation. The management of this company has set four standards which are below standard, above standard, standard and outstanding performance. According to these levels they are evaluating the productiveness of their employee’s performance in the organizational activities. New joiners are received two times evaluation at the first fiscal year and other employees receive the same one time in a year. Management has decided that all employees should spend at least 6 months at their current position before getting any kind of promotion. The employees who are giving outstanding performance in the organization can receive monetary reward at any time in a financial year. Compensation and benefit are structured according to the performance evaluation of every employees and it can differ from person to person (Armstrong, 2006). Again in case of Apple Inc. this can be said that this company does not provide any kind of guarantee for lifelong employment opportunities without standard performance. So management of this company always focuses on this fact that employees should take responsibilities to achieve target growth to survive in this company. The company has set organization centric goals and target to recruit only qualified and skilled persons in the respective fields. The management of the company is doing performance appraisal of its employees on annual basis and high performers are getting exclusive rewards for their performances. The company is paying a variety of incentives to its employees such as long term care insurance, employee

Human Resources - Compare and Contrast Interview Paper Essay

Human Resources - Compare and Contrast Interview Paper - Essay Example The individuals have been chosen for the study based on the fact that they have been involved in the core human resource activities for a significant number of years and have gained substantial knowledge and expertise on the subject too. The topic chosen for the study is compensation and the problems that employees face with regards to the same. The interview questions are prepared with the aim to bring forth the opinion of the two managers with regards to the effectiveness of the compensation policies in their organizations in terms of employee and organizational performance. The questionnaire is designed to help the two organizations make analysis of their respective human resource practices. Also the compensation package of employees is perceived as the value organization assign to their employees. An analysis of the same would reveal the employees’ worth in the organization as valuable assets. Comparison and Contrast of Interviews Various factors came forth with regards to the compensation structures of the two organizations and how satisfied were the employees with the compensation structure and policies of the organization.... Also considering the improvements in then labor markets, organizations have been driven towards the upliftment of the salaries of employees. Employers failing to do so confront with various human resource problems, such as dissatisfied and de-motivated employees, employees’ resistance towards work and their jobs. From the responses that follow, it is apparent that the former organization considers the industrial standards at the prevailing time before setting the salaries of employees. However, the latter sets its salary independent of the industry standards. The responses demonstrate that the former organization would face fewer problems in attracting and retaining human resource in comparison to the latter. With the upward inflationary pressures in most nations and rapid technological advancement organizations have been increasingly confronting with the problem of upward revision of the basic salaries of employees in terms of their dearness allowances. In such a condition or ganizations not considering the industrial standards would be faced with the problem of high employee attrition rates. Employees would be more tempted towards organizations offering higher salaries as salaries are the prerequisites of attracting and retaining talents in organizations. With the intense competition existing in the market, the compensation packages are the only and most important alternative left with the companies to motivate employees and attract them from the labor market. The increment system in the former organizations is found to be better and profound in comparison to the latter. Employees remain concerned about their career

Hilton Hotel in Oman Analysis

Hilton Hotel in Oman Analysis This report talks about the accommodation on Hilton Hotel in Salalah. In methodology we used many techniques such as exploratory and quantitative. The objectives of this research are evaluating these things that are related to Hilton Hotel accommodation: 1- Evaluate making reservation. 2- Evaluate transport. 3- Evaluate exterior. 4- Evaluate the reception. 5- Evaluate rooms. 6- Evaluate the restaurants. 7- Evaluate restroom. 8- Evaluate other Hotel services. The main recommendation of the research is to improve and develop the product and service that is develop the tourism in Oman and make it contribute with GDP (General Domestic Profit) and reduce depend on Oil. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: The purpose of this assignment is to inspect, evaluate and recommendation to improve and develop the tourism industry in Sultanate of Oman. In this research we will evaluate the accommodation service that the Hilton Hotel provides it for the tourists. we will evaluate making reservation, transport, exterior, reception, rooms, restaurants, restroom and other Hotel services. Then we will write some recommendations that help to improve and develop the accommodation services in Hilton Hotel. In this assignment we will focus on accommodations only but in this hotel they provides many others product and services for the tourists. Tourism is the main ingredient in most countries of the world and adopt some of these countries is entirely dependent on tourism increase the GDP (General Domestic Profit) of these countries. In early nineties, with the exception of the Emirate of Dubai and Bahrain were the Gulf governments not pay attention to the tourism sector to several considerations including political, social and economic. The Gulf countries were not known to the tourists in the past with the beginning of 1992 and after the Gulf War second it began to focus in this sector and try to attract the tourists of entire the world. Recently, the Gulf countries become good place for tourism because it has many things that is attract the tourist such as the natural, buildings, animals, environment, cultures and so on. Oman has the potential of natural and picturesque which is worth to visit and watch. Moreover, the natural locations that tourist attraction found in all provinces and regions of the Sultanate of Oman. It is includes valleys and springs, majestic mountains which is covered by the greenery, trees, flowers and plants as well as various types of animals, birds and fish.. Moreover, the sand, hills and mountain caves, and last but not least Kharief Salalah. Dhofar Governorate has an importance historic and a special place in the past and now. Dhofar Governoraten has ten states and it are: Salalah, Thumrait, Mirbat, Sadah, Rakhyout, Dilkot, Makecn, and Schlemm Islands Allaniat and mandate Mazyona. The city of (Salalah) is the Regional Centre for conservation and it is away from Muscat about 1023 KM. also, it is characterized by the religious tourism, historical, where there are many sites of religious nature such as the (Al-hqaf) that was mentioned in the Holy Quran and the tomb of the Prophet Hood, and the Prophet (Ayyub). Moreover, besides it there is in Dhofar ruins of the city AL-balied and Port Sumhuram historic famous export of frankincense at Khor Rori. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: Hilton Salalah is considering five stars and it has 147rooms and suites. It designed and equipment with very comfort and luxury. Moreover, it has advantage of it s location overlooking the beach of the Arabian Sea as well as several recreational facilities such as tropical garden, swimming pools, tennis courts, and so on that makes the tourist enjoy. Also, it has the best restaurants in Salalah such as Al Maha restaurant which offers a mix of Arab while the tourists enjoy to watching the sea. It has 6 international restaurants that provide foods and drinks for all tourists from whole the world. Hilton Guest Room Wake up to this local-style 42m ²/452sq.ft room with separate seating area and high-speed internet access. Get to work at the large desk in the separate working area, take time off in the easy chair or sofa and gaze at the mountain view. more Hilton Guest Room Wake up to this local-style 42m ²/452sq.ft room with separate seating area and high-speed internet access. Get to work at the large desk in the separate working area, take time off in the easy chair or sofa and gaze at the Mountain View. Special touches include magazines, mineral water, chocolates and fruit(1) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This research is done as we asked in Introduction to Hospitality and tourism management course. This research will be written depending on my objectives as we was written before. The nature of my research is Evaluate research, because the main goals of this research to evaluate many things as we said in my objectives also approve my expectations of many things. In addition, the kind of the research is evaluation. From this assignment we want to evaluate the accommodation service that the Hilton Hotel provides it for tourists. we started my project by limiting the objectives which my research will be rely on. Then we looked for more information from books, internet, magazines and newspapers to write down the literature review and prove it by some references. However, we designed my survey and then we wrote the methodology and arrange it. Ùâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ™â‚ ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ „¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â€š ¬ http://www1.hilton.com/en_US/hi/hotel/SLLHIHI-Hilton-Salalah-Resort/accommodations.do;jsessionid=247163ECBF6F821A7079E2A9AAFEF8A1.etc41 Then we outlined the findings term depending on what the information we got from my resources. Through that time, we have completed all steps of the assignments. we use convenience sampling because we did not have enough time. So too, with my research about information we used various resources to find more information and details to make my research more useful by giving some facts and experiences of many people. All quotations of the projects were from my course, internet and books. FINDING: 1. The elements upon which Accommodation Establishments should be evaluated include: Making a Reservation: In this hotel the establishments ability to make a guest feel welcome, acknowledged and appreciated is very good by provide good quality for the tourists. Moreover, the ease with which an establishment is reached or located, by telephone or on site is good because it is so far from the airport and city center so the tourist fined a problem to reach it. The reservation procedure is very easy and the tourists can reserve by many ways such as by web site, telephone and go to the hotel. The ability to determine special needs and requirements is very good by ask the tourist few questions. The tourists can find a lot of information that they need from this hotel. Transport: In this hotel they have ability to make a guest feel welcome, acknowledged and appreciated by offers many kinds of cars for rent. They divided the types of cars into 7 groups. It is economy, compact, intermediate, full-size, four wheel drive and premium. Also, they offer driver for those who cant driving or dont have driving license. The Staff behavior and communication skills in this Hotel is very good. also, it Adherence to all relevant laws and regulations that the government put it for this kind of enterprise. As Nasser observed (tourist) said, it are cleanliness, maintenance and the level of service offered to it is very high. The Staff behavior and communication skills in this Hotel is very good. also, it Adherence to all relevant laws and regulations that the government put it for this kind of enterprise.(1) Exterior: The Cleanliness and maintenance of the exterior of the establishments buildings and pavements is very good and looks nice and the tourists find a lot of signage that guide them as they want to go inside the hotel. Moreover, there is a lot of parking that for more than 100 cars inside the hotel. Reception Check In: Nasser said the first impression created by the establishment and its staff is very good. Also they have ability to make a guest feel welcome, acknowledged and appreciated. The level of service provided is very good with a good quality by offers facilities for the tourist. Also, the staff behavior and communication skills is very good and the best thing that attract them when we went there is they smile for them and that makes them happy to deal with this hotel. Rooms The cleanliness of the rooms visited is very good and it looks nice and luxury. Moreover, the facilities and amenities within the room are beautiful and attract the tourists. Also, they clean it every day to be comfort for the tourists. Restaurant Dinner and Breakfast The establishments ability to make a guest feel welcome and appreciated upon arrival and departure is very good. The Table appearance nice and the ambience are very nice and comfort. In this hotel, there are six international restaurants and it provides every kind of foods that that the tourists want with a very good and modern way to present foods. (1) Intervew with Nasser Salim (Tourits, Who Visited Hilton Hotel in Salalah) On Thersday 25/11/2010 , 9:00 PM Restroom: The cleanliness, maintenance and comfort of all restrooms visited is very good and they clean it twice per day. Other Hotel Services: In this hotel, there is Porter Service for tourist who arrival and departure. Also, there is Room Service, Minibar Service and Wake up Call Service. They provide this service with high quality that makes the tourist happy. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Through this assignment we tried to valuate the accommodation service in Hilton Hotel in Salalah in different ways as we said before. we tried to give background of people reactions to accommodation service that this Hotel provides it for tourists. All finding appeared the accommodation service is very good in generally. Finally, we hope that this assignment could be as a tool of information who read it, or as helpful research for who will use it in his studies as a resource. RECOMMENDATIONS: 1- Try to increase the campaign of advertisement about the accommodation service. 2- Try to provide some pictures of Omani cultures, attraction places and so on inside the rooms. 3- Try to give tourists better impression to take part with accommodation services. 4- Try to minimize price that makes the tourists staying more times. 5- My main recommendation to this Hotel to take good care of their tourists and try to maintenance the rooms every month to makes the tourists feel comfort.

Scarlet Letter Townspeople :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, contains many profound characters. The townspeople intrigue the reader because they gradually evolve throughout the book, as would any solitary character. In the beginning of the novel, they are generally rigid and judgmental towards Hester, because she has committed adultery. Throughout the novel, they slowly allow Hester and her daughter into their community, but still look at them with suspicion and doubt. Finally, in the end of The Scarlet Letter, the town forgives her of her sin, and she cautiously finds her place in society. Hawthorne uses the strict Puritan townspeople as a criterion by which all societies can be measured. The townspeople, as with any individual character, possess a certain depth that develops with knowledge. Readers generally characterize the Puritan Townspeople in The Scarlet Letter by their attitudes in the beginning of the novel. When Hester first walks into the scene, most of the townspeople are very harsh and strict in their religions. They believe that adultery is one of the worst sins possible. One unyielding woman says, “This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die. Is there not law for it? Truly, there is, both in the Scripture and in the statutebook. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters go astray.'; Although a young woman and a righteous man try to intervene with the angry old women, their voices are never heard. Also, Hawthorne associates ugliness with wickedness; therefore, all of the stingy women are described as being very ugly. They regard her not as a fellow sinner but as a woman so evil that she must be ostracized from her “perfect'; community. They view the scarlet letter tha t she wears upon her breast as a symbol of her atrocious crime of adultery and nothing more. The women in the beginning of the novel are so quick to pass judgment on others, yet they fail to recognize the sin in themselves. Once they realize this obstacle, the townspeople will become more understanding of Hester’s situation. Throughout the novel, the harsh Puritan townspeople begin to realize the abilities of Hester despite her past. Hester works selflessly and devotes herself to the wellbeing of others. “Hester sought not to acquire anything beyond a subsistence of the plainest and most ascetic description, for herself, and a simple abundance for her child.

Fostering Teacher Student Relationship in Nursing Essay

The teacher student relationship is very important for children. Children spend approximately 5 to 7 hours a day with a teacher . We ask ourselves what is considered a good teacher? All of us have gone through schooling, and if fortunate had a favorite teacher. A positive relationship between the student and the teacher is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals. The qualities for a positive relationship can vary to set a learning experience approachable and inviting the students to learn. A teacher and student who have the qualities of good communications, respect in a classroom, and show interest in teaching from the point of view of the teacher and learning from a student will establish a positive relationship in the classroom. I will be focusing on the relationship between a nursing student and teacher, involving a setting of classroom and at the clinical settings which I have found to be extremely important for the student to gain a positive attitude towards their profession for the rest of life. Each student has different strategies for learning and achieving their goals. A few students in a classroom will grasp and learn quickly, but at the same time there will be those who have to be repeatedly taught using different techniques to be able to understand the lesson. Also, there will be students who roam around and use college as entertainment. They won’t like our instructions or policies. Teaching then becomes difficult, especially if there is no proper communication. Like wise the student disruptions may occur in classes that are poorly organized and managed where students are not provided with appropriate and interesting instructional tasks. The main thing teacher can do is continuously monitor the student in order for him or her to be aware of any difficulties that he/ she is having. Understanding the child’s problem, fear, or confusion will give the teacher a better understanding about the child’s learning difficulties. Once the teacher becomes aware of the problems, he or she will have more patience with the student, thus making the child feel secure or less confused when learning is taking place in the classroom. The same thing happens in clinics also. The students may face many problems in their clinical areas. Many of the students expressed the despair of having a wide practice-theory gap. Eventhough nursing students are learning many subjects in deep; they may be feeling that they can’t practice it all in the actual practice. They may be feeling that they are doing the very basic nursing care that even the nursing aids can do. In my student life I was sometimes observing the evaluative role of teacher, instead of teaching role. So teachers can avoid creating such situations by making the clinics a best teaching arena. A teacher who acts as a good facilitator or supporter at the clinical setting can easily enter in to the minds of young students and this will enhance the development of a hearty relation between these two parties. The student is also responsible for making the communication a positive one. They can approach the teacher for open their mind during their academic or personal crises situations. Of course a teacher is not going to understand every problem for every child in his or her classroom, but will acquire enough information for those students who are struggling with specific tasks. A significant body of research indicates that â€Å"academic achievement and student behavior are influenced by the quality of the teacher and student relationship† (Jones 95). The more the teacher connects or communicates with his or her students, the more likely they will be able to help students learn at a high level and accomplish quickly. Those teachers, who demonstrate respect towards their students, automatically win favor by having active learners in their classroom. The arrogant or offensive teacher will lack these positive qualities due to his or her lack of control over the children. Teachers should assert that they should also be treated with respect . Teachers can blend their warmth and firmness towards the students in their classroom, but with realistic limits. Teachers who are in a classroom might have experienced one time or other students who are disruptive or find learning boring. Teachers understand that if this behavior continues in the classroom and if they do nothing to prevent this from happening, the outcome proves to be disastrous for both types of participants. The student will conclude that his or her behavior is permissible, and will draw away from learning; therefore it is essentially important for the teacher to explain to the child the importance to learn. Though we understand that learning cannot be forced, learning becomes a process for an individual where he or she feels comfortable with learning whether it’s in a classroom or at clinics. Children in first year feel the urge to talk about their problems, fears, or even show their knowledge, but at the same time they want to be listened too. The student will feel valued and respected. Students feel happy when the teacher eventually gives them the option of contributing, or in other words the teacher asks for an opinion, which is usually not offered to the students. The teacher does not have to give up all their control, rather teachers share control with students and encourage interactions that are determined by mutual agreement. A close, but limited relationship between the student and teacher can be helpful for those students who are shy, and find speaking in front of the classroom difficult or children who have low self-esteem. The tension of these students will prevent them to develop the confidence they had always wanted, but never achieved due to not having a good relationship with the teacher. Therefore, how does a teacher hold a relationship that leads to effectively teach the children? The answer becomes clear when teachers interact with, and learn more about their students. Our first educational experience, which takes place in the primary years of our life, sets the principles for our future education. Having established a positive relationship with students will encourage students to seek education and be enthusiastic and to be in school. Remembering our favorite teacher will be recognized because they had at least in one way or another the qualities I discussed in this writing although we are not aware of it during the time we are in school, but teachers are well recognized at a later time of our lives.

Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern Counseling

Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern Counseling Free Online Research Papers As a requirement for this course, HS 841, Group Counseling and Psychotherapy, I feel my final paper should reflect the relevant subject of psychoanalytic theory as applied to the counseling profession. Because psychoanalysis is the very seat of the mental health field, I will deliberate on the key aspects of psychoanalysis in a general, sep-by-step fashion. Although it would go beyond the scope of this essay to cover every aspect of the psychoanalytic theory and its application completely, I will exemplify its relevance and identifying factors of the human services profession today with the assistance of various health care institutions and professionals in the field. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦3 Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Psychoanalysis in Review†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 The Psychoanalyst†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 The Patient†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Psychoanalysis and Understanding the Unconscious Mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Dream Association and Psychoanalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Resistance and Transference in Psychoanalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Psychoanalytic Therapy and Early Life Events†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..27 Psychoanalytic Theory†¦4 Introduction. The subject of psychoanalytic therapy, the theory, science, practice and its vast relationship to mental health in general has had an esoteric affect since its renaissance in the late 19th century. And, although the caring professions of psychoanalysis and general counseling are similar in many respects, there are differentials in the practice of the two. Because the combined research of these professions are of extreme length, which could constitute a large sum of work, the most logical choice to exemplify the many aspects of these professions is to summarize the basic philosophy and science of this measureless therapeutic occupation. During the creation of this project, the use of The Abraham A. Brill Library of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and Society has proven to be of great assistance for the culmination of this research. Phone interviews with Dr. Bernard Pacella, M.D., a neurophysiologist with the Parent Child Center with The New York Psychoanalytic Institute and Dr. Henry W. Beck, Ph.D., an affiliated psychoanalyst in privet practice, were able to supply enormous detail to their individual professions, which in assistance to this paper, has enabled a step-by-step exemplification for one of the most caring and needed professions today, which this research paper is dedicated. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦5 Psychoanalysis in Review Psychoanalysis, a name coined by Sigmund Freud to a system of interpretation and therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders has come a long way sense the birth of this concept. Psychoanalysis began after Freud studied with the French neurologist J. M. Charcot in Paris, where he became convinced that hysteria was caused by emotional disturbance rather than by organic symptoms found in the nervous system. Later, Freud collaborated with Viennese physician Josef Breuer and wrote two papers on hysteria that were the precursors of his vast body of psychoanalytic research we are associated with today. Needless to say, psychoanalysis and its theoretical foundations have had an enormous influence on modern psychology and psychiatry and the human services field in general over the last 90 years that continues to evolve with new and innovated methods. Psychoanalytic therapy as a treatment has expanded and changed considerably during the last century, where the psychoanalytic approach has spread throughout the world, creating dramatic changes for the consume r population seeking treatment. Radical shifts have occurred in the social/cultural context of psychoanalytic practices worldwide. All of these factors have brought about considerable change in the definition and nature of psychoanalysis as a method of treatment, and because of this, psychoanalysis has become extremely multi-faceted in all the science and health care fields. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦6 Psychoanalytic therapy is a treatment for relieving mental and emotional distress through what is often referred to as a talking cure, due to its simple technique, which involves no special action by either the therapist or the patient outside of verbal interaction. Psychoanalytic therapy is based in the idea that much of our behavior, thoughts and attitudes are regulated by the unconscious aspects of the mind and are outside the ordinary conscious control we are accustomed with. By inviting the patient to talk about anything, including the day-to-day and mundane to the very complex matrix of his or her problems, the psychoanalyst helps that patient to reveal the unconscious needs, motivations, wishes and memories in order to gain a conscious control of that patient’s life. This form of treatment was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early part of the 20th century, yet many psychoanalysts beyond Freud have expanded on his works, as well as expanded on the treatments for the problems of today’s extremely complex society. And, as a result of these tenacious practitioners and researchers, the realm of psychotherapy has advanced considerably. Counseling and psychotherapy†¦Is there a difference between the two? This paper will attempt to prove that there are several differences between counseling and psychotherapy as a whole, although many feel they are one in the same. While counseling and psychotherapy have several different elements in each, the following information will also attempt to show the reader that there are some areas where the two overlap. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦7 One definition of counseling can be viewed in three key elements: A learning-oriented process, carried on in a simple, one-to-one social environment, in which a counselor, professionally trained in relevant psychological skills and knowledge, seeks to assist the client by methods appropriate to his or her needs and within the context a specifically designed program, to learn more about the patient’s â€Å"self,† to learn how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, an realistically defined goals so that the patient may become a more productive and happier member of his society. Basically, counseling can be described as a face-to-face relationship, having goals to help the patient to learn or acquire new skills which will enable him to cope and adjust to life’s daily situations and hardships. Therefore, in essence, the focus of the psychoanalyst is to help the client reach a maximum fulfillment or at least begin to intr oduce the potential for fulfillment, and to become fully functioning as a person as a whole, and healthy entity. One of the major distinctions between counseling and psychotherapy is the subject of primary focus utilized. In counseling, the counselor will focus on the here and now reality of the patient’s situations. During the psychotherapy session, the therapist is literally looking into the patient’s unconscious or past, for a connection to his pasts un-dealt with problems, which are now obviously present in his daily situation, which causes the stress or anguish as a result. Donald Arbuckle states, There is a further distinction to be made†¦This involves the nature or content of the problem which the client brings to the counselor. A Psychoanalytic Theory†¦8 distinction is attempted between reality-oriented problems and those problems which coexist in the personality of the individual (p.67). Counseling and psychotherapy also differentiate when it comes to the level of adjustment or maladjustment of the patient. Counseling, according to Dr. Henry Beck, holds an emphasis on the concept of normal, where the counselor may classify the concept of normal as those without neurotic problems, yet have become victims of pressures from some outside environment. The emphasis in psychotherapy however, is specifically on the neurotic patient, or other severe emotional problems. Counseling can also be described as problem solving, where in psychotherapy it is more analytically based, counseling may have a situation where a solution is not foreseeable. To this end, there appears to be two types of problems, solvable and unsolvable. If the problem is a solvable one, a therapist may help that patient by looking at the problem with him and help him to draw out a variety of solutions. When thinking of these possible solutions one must also think of the consequences to those solutions. While counseling deals with problem solving, psychotherapy on the other hand deals with the analytical view of the problem. Here, the therapist would determine the cause and effect of his patient’s behavior from the results of such behaviors. An example of this could be if a father abuses his child, the father’s behavior might stem from his past. The abusive father may have been a victim of abuse as a child himself, or have been a witness to similar abuse of a sibli ng or relative. It would be in the Psychoanalytic Theory†¦9 therapist’s best effort to analyze each act of the present and try to link it to some aspect in the unconscious past. The length of treatment also differs between counseling and psychotherapy, where most counseling sessions are far shorter in duration than psychotherapy. The time spent in counseling for example, is determined by goals set by the patient and the counselor at the beginning of the initial treatment planning. Once these goals are met, new goals may be set and future sessions determined depending on the patient’s progress. In contrast, psychotherapy tends to last a while longer, where sessions usually range from two to five years. Psychotherapy is more of a comprehensive re-education of the patient, where the intensity and length of therapy depends on how well the patient can deal with all of the new found information and expectation of goals. It could take quite sometime for the patient to be able to live with these feelings which originated in past experiences, that usually turn out to be hurtful ones. The setting of treatment also differs between counseling and psychotherapy, as a counseling session usually takes place in a non medical setting such as an office or church, psychotherapy is a more medically related element found in the clinical or hospital setting. Another difference between counseling and psychotherapy has to do with the issue of transference, which can be viewed differently between the two formats. As Brammer and Shostrom (1977) state, The counselor develops a close and personal relationship with the client, but he does not encourage or allow strong transference feelings as does the psychotherapist (p.223). The counselor tends to find transference as an interfering element within his or her counseling effectiveness and hoped outcome. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦10 A psychotherapist might feel that this transference is helpful and that the client may be able to see what he or she is trying to do within this professional relationship. A counselor may look at transference as a form of manifestation in an incomplete growing process, where the psychotherapist interprets these transference feelings as an unconscious group of feelings. The problem of resistance and how it is dealt with is another area of counseling and psychotherapy that tends to differ, as counselors may see resistance as something that opposes the problem solving goal, where the counselor tries to reduce this as much as possible, the psychotherapist may find resistance to be a very important element to work with. If the therapist can understand the patient’s resistance, he can then understand how to help the patient change his or her personality through creating an enlightened awareness. While there are clearly many differences between the counseling approach and that of psychotherapy, there are some similarities between the two that should be recognized too. Firstly, each of these formats are similar in the sense that each patient brings with him the assets, skills, strengths and possibilities needed to the therapy session. Secondly, counseling and psychotherapy are also similar in the way that they both use, as Arbuckle refers to it as an â€Å"eclectic approach.† Here, the counselors and therapists do not have only one technique, because they borrow from many different techniques instead of just one. Arbuckle argues that in this respect, counseling and psychotherapy are in all essential respects Psychoanalytic Theory†¦11 identical, as the nature of the relationship which is considered basic in counseling and psychotherapy are similar, where the process of counseling cannot easily be distinguished from the process of psychotherapy†¦The methods and techniques are identical in the matter of goals and or outcomes. (p.144) One major similarity between counseling and psychotherapy are the elements which build a persons personality, as each of these processes deal with attitudes, feelings, interests, self esteem, goals and related behaviors are all affected through counseling and psychotherapy. The primary elements that separate psychoanalytic therapy apart from other forms of psychotherapy and counseling can be viewed in the following attributes: The Psychoanalytic therapist prefers to treat patients without medications, although on occasion he may refer a patient to a physician/psychiatrist for drugs to be used in the treatment of depression, psychosis, or anxiety. The psychoanalytic therapist does not usually give specific recommendations about how the patient ought to manage his life or solve problems. Instead, the analyst prefers to help the patient understand why he is unable to solve problems or what internal conflict is preventing him from knowing what to do in his life. When necessary, the analyst may suggest postponing a particular decision until Psychoanalytic Theory†¦12 a later date, or may act to prevent a patient from harming himself or sabotaging the overall treatment. Some professionals in the field consider psychoanalytic therapy to be the best format for consistent therapy, while others feel that the behavioral schools, such as Gestalt, represent the most effective in treatment. Some feel that psychoanalysis is no more than a new age fad compared to more accepted sciences as, for instance, internal medicine or surgery. Because of this, there may be doubt in the patient, which may unfortunately hasten therapy. While current practice is based upon the early works of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, the fields history has made new discoveries regarding the subject of character and technique, thus creating the therapists ability to help patients on a much greater level, as this specific method of treatment will offer much to its patients. Psychoanalytic therapy is at times pleasurable and comforting, but it is also hard work. While the patients and the general public may imagine that psychotherapy is nothing more than self indulgence or a crutch that disrupts our material lives, anyone who has been analyzed, as a student, or as a patient, can readily explain that rather than escaping from reality, we learn to face it more comfortably, with a greater sense of purpose and to be encouraged to have a more independent daily life. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦13 The Psychoanalyst There are literally hundreds of forms of psychotherapy available to the public today, so it would be wise to understand each of these specific formats before selecting a therapist. Unfortunately, much of what has been written or said about psychoanalytic therapy has been by people who have little experience of the modern advances in the field of psychoanalysis. The psychoanalyst, as a professional, is the most rigorously trained of all therapists. In order to practice, a psychoanalyst must complete many comprehensive courses of theoretical training, complete a deep personal analysis, and than treat patients in the psychiatric setting under the supervision of a senior analysts. Although the bulk of this training is usually available at many universities and graduate schools, most psychoanalysts are trained at independent training institutes and than licensed after an certain amount of time has been successfully completed, which will be close to, or more than two thousand hours of supervision, depending on the State. These privet institutions are run by senior analysts and are monitored by accreditation bodies such as the American Psychological Association. Moreover, psychoanalysts usually have had prior training as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, or as nurse practitioners. Many of these senior analysts may hold the degree of M.D., Ph. D., Psy. D., M.S.W., or M.S.N. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦14 Psychoanalytic training usually takes five to ten years because the trainee must experience the in-depth formats of treatment himself, as well as treat cases under supervision until his supervisors feel he is competent to practice independently. Unlike graduate school courses which normally last one or two semesters, this training continues until the student has met the vigorous demands of all the courses, and when the supervisors and teachers agree that the training is complete, as well as prepare for and pass the exam for licensure in his or her own state. The Patient Understanding the patient in need of treatment, although being the very nature of psychotherapy can be extremely difficult, especially when decoding the complex and often times enigmatic nature of the human psyche. Because of this, it becomes paramount that the therapist not stereotype his or her client with that of other clients in the past, either actual or theoretical, or those expressed in the DSM-IV or related periodicals as case studies. The therapist must explore all the various avenues and possible stressors that may be either the primary or secondary cause for the patient’s problem. Of the main arenas of the human psyche Sigmund Freud and others explored during the later half of the 19th century, were the buried, unresolved situations, such as parental/sibling resentment, sexual frustration and self-esteem issues of the Psychoanalytic Theory†¦15 unconscious mind, as well as the discovery of hidden meanings behind dreams and their associations became of great interest, and considered directly tied to the unconscious mind ultimately became a primary tool for psychoanalysis. Also, the reality of early childhood events, which may have left an indelible residue on the unconscious mind, is believed to be directly related to many negative effects on the patient’s present psyche, which may be responsible for many aspects of pathology. Other problems associated with the treatment process for both the patient and the therapist are the barriers of resistance, which can be seen in several forms, and the misconceived subject of transference, which can be viewed in either a positive, or negative manner, depending on the views of the therapist, or that of the counselor, are major situations that both professionals will experience during their treatment relationship. Therefore, understanding the many aspects, both the good and the bad of the psychotherapeutic and counseling professions become clear, and because these attributes and potential problems are of paramount importance, the following represents a brief representation: Psychoanalytic Theory†¦16 Psychoanalysis and Understanding the Unconscious Mind The unconscious is composed of many mental processes, wishes, needs, attitudes, memories, and beliefs not directly available to ordinary, or as some suggest, wakeful awareness. It is hard for many people to accept the idea of the unconscious, the idea that something not under their direct control might influence their lives. However, close examination of this shows that many of the choices in life such as a spouse, friends, career, life style, and patterns of health are based upon motivations of which people are not ordinarily aware of. Many sad or angry childhood memories are also relegated to the unconscious, although they still control some day-to-day behaviors. Handicapped by a lack of awareness of the unconscious motivations, people can become victimized by emotional reactions and seen through various symptoms that inhibit their daily lives. Psychoanalytic therapy, in most cases, allows the patient to become aware of these unknown mental processes through their behavior, dreams, slips of the tongue and various free associations. Dream Association and Psychoanalysis Dreams play a useful role in psychoanalytic therapy because they offer, as seen in Freuds work entitled the â€Å"Royal Road to the Unconscious,† the dreams people Psychoanalytic Theory†¦17 express are most often that their unconscious needs, memories, conflicts and wishes of past and present situations. Dreams can also become an avenue of understanding to hidden aspects of the self when examined with the interpretive help of the analyst. The quintessential couch, although much misunderstood or misrepresented, is a useful tool in advancing the treatment process. For most psychoanalytic patients, it offers an opportunity to relax, undistracted by the therapists visible presence, and comfortably report thoughts, and feelings as they arise. The use of the couch also emphasizes that therapy is not just for social conversation, but for a specialized form of communication designed specifically to open up and promote healthy catharsis. Resistance and Transference in Psychoanalysis Dr Henry W. Beck, a psychoanalyst in privet practice from North Wales, Pennsylvania, who deals with patient’s suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder and eating disorders to men’s issues and family crisis situations, states, that during the course of every psychoanalytic therapy session, the patient sometimes demonstrates behavior that interferes with the progress of the treatment. This interference Dr. Beck is referring to is called resistance. Because psychoanalytic therapy helps the patient achieve freedom of thought and action by talking freely, the negative emotional forces that may cause the symptoms to manifest themselves as obstacles to psychotherapy, the patient may respond in the following manner: Psychoanalytic Theory†¦18 Becomes unable to talk any further without development. The patient feels he has nothing to say. The need to keep secrets from his therapist. Withholding information from the therapist because he is ashamed of them. The patient may feel that what he has to say isnt important. Patient repeats himself constantly. Refrains from discussing certain topics. Wants to do something other than talk†¦Talks only about thoughts and not feelings. Talks only about feelings and not thoughts. These and many other forms of possible resistance keep the patient from learning about himself, growing and becoming the person he or she wants to be. Together, the patient and the therapist study the meaning and purpose of the resistance and try to understand the key to unlocking it and allowing the patient to continue growing in a positive manner. Modern therapists recognize that a patient may have a great need to resist, and therefore use a relaxed approach to aid him in overcoming the problem. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦19 Psychoanalysts discovered early in their work that patients can have distorted views of their analyst, which may hinder the much needed trust factor for a positive session. An psychoanalyst with a quiet, reserved demeanor may be perceived as an oppressive tyrant, observing in an overseer manner instead of a caring person who is genuinely interested in the patient’s problems. In an Alternative situation, a patient may become convinced that the psychoanalyst loves him or her even though no such feeling has been expressed. These types of feelings usually come from attitudes toward significant individuals in a patients past such as parents, teachers, lovers or siblings. Sometimes the feelings toward the therapist represent actual feelings about a person in that patients past, and at other times the feelings are those of a desired, fantasy relationship with a significant individual. While not all patients develop these classical forms of transference, many patients find it necessary to understand the feelings they have toward their therapist, as this aids in the understanding of current relationships, the need for personal growth, expectations of others and attitudes toward themselves. Psychoanalytic Therapy and Early Life Events Events in the first five to six years of life have an important and lasting impact on the development of an individual’s unique character. However, the origins of emotional distress may be based in traumatic childhood events, difficult family relationships, early maturational needs that were absent, or various negative events in life. The past is Psychoanalytic Theory†¦20 important only if it interferes with the patients ability to function in the present, so therefore, the therapist must help the patient whose emotional disorder is rooted in his or her childhood distress’ and grow out of it and than to assist the adult of these stressors to find, acceptance and closure. Most people have read of Sigmund Freuds landmark discoveries regarding the crucial role that sexual thoughts and feelings have in life. However, modern psychoanalysts recognize that anger, hostility, dependency, and many other motivations may be just as important in shaping personality. While Freuds patients, mostly Victorian women, needed help to understand their sexuality, modern patients tend to have more difficulty coping with feelings of anger, loneliness, or the lack of a coherent sense of who they truly are. Patients experience a wide range of emotions toward the therapist. Individuals who have received little love or understanding in life may respond to a therapists understanding attitude with feelings of love. Other frequent responses to the therapist include hatred, amusement, disinterest or extended periods of no feelings. Psychoanalytic therapy is usually appropriate for anyone who wants to have a happier life with greater personal and emotional flexibility. Adults, children, couples, and whole families are frequently seen in psychoanalytic therapy sessions which may be a part of either private or group therapy. A wide range of emotional problems can be successfully treated with psychoanalytic therapy. Among them: Emotional pain, depression, boredom, restlessness. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦21 An inability to learn, love, work, or express emotion. Irrational fear, anxiety without a known cause. Pervasive feelings of meaninglessness, emptiness, unrelatedness. Lack of goals, values, or ideals. The feeling of being overwhelmed by responsibility and unable to relax and play. An inability to set practical, reachable goals, and accept responsibility. Unsatisfying relationships with spouse, children, or parents. Inability to have friends or lovers. The feeling that life is totally out of control and that one is not master of ones fate. An excessively controlled life, dominated by ritual and obsession. Compulsive overeating or an inability to eat enough for good health. Physical problems that have a psychological origin. In retrospect, the patient of psychoanalytic therapy is a partner with his therapist in a unique exploration of his life, consisting of his past, his present and his perceived future, and because no two people are alike, no two treatments are alike, which counts Psychoanalytic Theory†¦22 for the vast differences in therapeutic approaches. In most settings however, the patient often lies on a couch, or sits in a comfortable chair with the therapist just out of view, and talks. There are no specific topics†¦The patient can say anything he wants to say, but he doesnt have to talk about anything he would rather not discuss. As the patient talks, he reveals the past, his present life situation and future plans. Dreams, fantasies, sexual thoughts, angry thoughts, and feelings about himself and others are shared in a comfortable, safe manner. Over the course of time, the patient is helped by the therapist to tell the emotionally significant story of the patient’s life and problematic situations, permitting unconscious motives, fears, and memories to become integrated into current life. It is this form of communication, which, hopefully, transforms the otherwise medicinal realities of psychotherapy in general, into a more personable relationship filled with genuine warmth, understanding and most importantly, compassion. The psychoanalyst must create this particular atmosphere in order to offer the most to his or her patients. Furthermore, the main function of the psychoanalytic therapist is to listen carefully and attentively to the patient in order to understand him and facilitate an equal form of communication that will promote efficient catharsis. To this end, the therapist should use both intelligence and compassion to obtain verbal and nonverbal clues to the patients problems. The analyst must first understand these disguised communications and then transform them into information useful to the patient. To do this, the therapist asks questions, confronts distortions, and does anything else needed to help the patient share his thoughts and feelings comfortably. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦23 Although there is no time limit on psychoanalytic therapy, some patients may have the best benefits from a short period of time, which can be six months or less, and others may wish to continue treatment for some years, where the average patient remains in therapy for a minimum of two years, but as long as five years. Staying in therapy longer is neither a sign of excessive dependence nor signifies a severity of illness. We know now that it takes a lifetime to develop the attitudes and specific character traits that contribute to emotional stress, and generally, although not always, time is required for making any positive change. And so, any therapist who promises change in a specified period of time is not being completely honest with his client. In short, it is common that therapy is terminated when the goals of the patient have been achieved. When the patient is able to comfortably experience all of his feelings, both the good and bad feelings without having to act them out, and when he is able to comfortably relate all of these feelings to the analyst and act in his own best interest, the therapy is, theoretically complete. Psychoanalytic theory and the therapy in this tradition have both evolved since Sigmund Freud. Freud placed his greatest theoretical emphasis on the study of the human sexual drive, in particular, the Oedipal phase of psychosexual development, which begins between the ages of four to six when a child falls in love with the parent of the opposite sex. Since the time of Freud, greater emphasis has been placed upon the study of how an individual emerges into the world as a separate person with a sense of Psychoanalytic Theory†¦24 himself and positive self-esteem. Current theory also deals with aggression, early mother-child interaction, social relations, family dynamics and psychosomatics, which further this concept of the self. Early Freudians only accepted relatively mature, neurotic patients for treatment, which were seen on a daily basis, rather than the larger spectrum of patients we see today. Moreover, the only interventions used by the analyst at the turn of the century were to be interpretations or explanations of a patients behavior, which were almost always based in the sexual format. Patients are generally seen less frequently today, giving the patient a more liberal basis of treatment, a feeling of self-reliance and analysts have more flexibility in their responses to a patient. In short, modern analysis is modified to meet the needs of the individual, rather than expecting the patient to conform to the analysts requirements. Since the birth of Freudian analysis in the early 1900s numerous approaches have been developed including those of Jung, Adler, Horney, Sullivan, Klein, Kohut, and Spotnitz. Each school of psychoanalytic therapy focuses on certain aspects of treatment or personality. The differences between these schools have become far less dramatic with time. Frequently, the differences between analysts trained in the same tradition can be equal to or greater than those between analysts of different schools. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦25 A strong-willed person may certainly modify the symptoms of emotional problems by willpower, but the unconscious will most often express itself in a different symptom. Certainly many people have radically changed the form and substance of their lives without psychoanalytic therapy, but emotional distress caused by unconscious conflict can only be adequately met by psychoanalytic therapy. Most people have such a high degree of resistance that an insight gleaned by self-analysis tends to be either superficial or confirmed as healthy by already-held beliefs, so rather than promoting change, this person continues in this misleading ether of self-deceit. Of course, many have tried and benefited to some extent from self-analysis, but a regimen of regularly scheduled appointments, combined with the assistance of an experienced analyst, is vital to the process. In addition, much of who we are is determined by our relationships with other people. An analyst provides an opportunity to observe ourselves in a close relationship and safely try out new ways of relating to others. Conclusion. It would be obvious to say that not all therapists believe that there is a distinction between psychotherapy and counseling, yet as seen with this aforementioned outline, psychoanalytical theory has several differentials from the general counseling psychology format that should be recognized. C.H. Patterson, however, feels that it is almost impossible to make a distinction, believing that the definition of counseling Psychoanalytic Theory†¦26 equally applies to psychotherapy and vice a versa, and in contrast, Arbuckle argues that counseling and psychotherapy are identical in all essential aspects, and still others believe that there is a distinction. Psychotherapy is concerned with some type of personality alteration or change, where counseling is concerned with helping individuals utilize their full potential in coping techniques. Arbuckle (1967) included Leona Tylers thoughts on the differences between counseling and psychotherapy. Leona Tyler attempts to differ between counseling and psychotherapy by stating, to remove physical and mental handicaps or to rid of limitations is not the job of the counselor, this is the job of the therapist which is aimed essentially at change rather than fulfillment. (p. 82) With Tyler’s beliefs about the differences between psychotherapy and counseling, we can see a black and white logic of those philosophical views, which go beyond the generalized opinion of both these areas of expertise and ideals, which are also supported by the modern scientific community and human services professionals alike. With these differences understood, we as professionals may have the opportunity to better assist and support the consumer population individually and as a whole. Overall, the major difference here, are the time and focus factors faced in each individual approach found in psychoanalytic therapist and the mental health counselor. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦27 The difference may be found with counseling, which deals primarily with the here-and-now/reality situations, as in opposition, which the unconscious past as the primary focus in psychotherapy. Moreover, counseling has been described as helping the patient in developing more competencies in coping with life situations where as psychotherapy deals with the re-organization of ones whole personality and soulful philosophies. One must take a close look at the philosophies and practices between counseling and psychotherapy to distinguish whether or not there is a difference between the two approaches. Although many can not distinguish the differences between counseling from psychotherapy today, even many professionals, we must look at the vast differences with the primary and secondary goals we set for our patients, as well as be able to identify the ideals and practices as they are. Fortunately, after reading the research of these aforementioned psychoanalysts and authors, I realized that there are indeed major differences between counseling and psychotherapy. And, as these findings, although still debatable for some, as to the goal and outcome for the patient may be different, the importance of this subject, and the mental, emotional and even the spiritual health of the consumer population, our patients, becomes clear. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦28 References Arbuckle, D. S. (1967). Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Overview. New York: McGraw Hill. Beck, H.W. Psychotherapy: Views and Ideas. The Patient and the Therapist. (n.d.) from Abraham A. Brill Library, nysa.org Bettelheim, B. Rosenfeld, A. (1993). The Art of the ObviousDeveloping Insight for Psychotherapy and Everyday Life. New York: Knopf. Brammer, L . Shostrom, E. (1977). Therapeutic Psychology: Fundamentals of Counseling and Psychotherapy Third Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rogers, C. (1951). Client Centered Therapy. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Shostrom, E. (1967). Man the Manipulator. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. Pacella, B. (2000) Child and Family Counseling, The New York Psychoanalytic Institute Counseling Today. (2000) Abraham A. Brill Library, nysa. org Research Papers on Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern CounselingThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern Counseling

Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern Counseling Free Online Research Papers As a requirement for this course, HS 841, Group Counseling and Psychotherapy, I feel my final paper should reflect the relevant subject of psychoanalytic theory as applied to the counseling profession. Because psychoanalysis is the very seat of the mental health field, I will deliberate on the key aspects of psychoanalysis in a general, sep-by-step fashion. Although it would go beyond the scope of this essay to cover every aspect of the psychoanalytic theory and its application completely, I will exemplify its relevance and identifying factors of the human services profession today with the assistance of various health care institutions and professionals in the field. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦3 Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Psychoanalysis in Review†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 The Psychoanalyst†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 The Patient†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Psychoanalysis and Understanding the Unconscious Mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Dream Association and Psychoanalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Resistance and Transference in Psychoanalysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Psychoanalytic Therapy and Early Life Events†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..27 Psychoanalytic Theory†¦4 Introduction. The subject of psychoanalytic therapy, the theory, science, practice and its vast relationship to mental health in general has had an esoteric affect since its renaissance in the late 19th century. And, although the caring professions of psychoanalysis and general counseling are similar in many respects, there are differentials in the practice of the two. Because the combined research of these professions are of extreme length, which could constitute a large sum of work, the most logical choice to exemplify the many aspects of these professions is to summarize the basic philosophy and science of this measureless therapeutic occupation. During the creation of this project, the use of The Abraham A. Brill Library of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and Society has proven to be of great assistance for the culmination of this research. Phone interviews with Dr. Bernard Pacella, M.D., a neurophysiologist with the Parent Child Center with The New York Psychoanalytic Institute and Dr. Henry W. Beck, Ph.D., an affiliated psychoanalyst in privet practice, were able to supply enormous detail to their individual professions, which in assistance to this paper, has enabled a step-by-step exemplification for one of the most caring and needed professions today, which this research paper is dedicated. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦5 Psychoanalysis in Review Psychoanalysis, a name coined by Sigmund Freud to a system of interpretation and therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders has come a long way sense the birth of this concept. Psychoanalysis began after Freud studied with the French neurologist J. M. Charcot in Paris, where he became convinced that hysteria was caused by emotional disturbance rather than by organic symptoms found in the nervous system. Later, Freud collaborated with Viennese physician Josef Breuer and wrote two papers on hysteria that were the precursors of his vast body of psychoanalytic research we are associated with today. Needless to say, psychoanalysis and its theoretical foundations have had an enormous influence on modern psychology and psychiatry and the human services field in general over the last 90 years that continues to evolve with new and innovated methods. Psychoanalytic therapy as a treatment has expanded and changed considerably during the last century, where the psychoanalytic approach has spread throughout the world, creating dramatic changes for the consume r population seeking treatment. Radical shifts have occurred in the social/cultural context of psychoanalytic practices worldwide. All of these factors have brought about considerable change in the definition and nature of psychoanalysis as a method of treatment, and because of this, psychoanalysis has become extremely multi-faceted in all the science and health care fields. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦6 Psychoanalytic therapy is a treatment for relieving mental and emotional distress through what is often referred to as a talking cure, due to its simple technique, which involves no special action by either the therapist or the patient outside of verbal interaction. Psychoanalytic therapy is based in the idea that much of our behavior, thoughts and attitudes are regulated by the unconscious aspects of the mind and are outside the ordinary conscious control we are accustomed with. By inviting the patient to talk about anything, including the day-to-day and mundane to the very complex matrix of his or her problems, the psychoanalyst helps that patient to reveal the unconscious needs, motivations, wishes and memories in order to gain a conscious control of that patient’s life. This form of treatment was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early part of the 20th century, yet many psychoanalysts beyond Freud have expanded on his works, as well as expanded on the treatments for the problems of today’s extremely complex society. And, as a result of these tenacious practitioners and researchers, the realm of psychotherapy has advanced considerably. Counseling and psychotherapy†¦Is there a difference between the two? This paper will attempt to prove that there are several differences between counseling and psychotherapy as a whole, although many feel they are one in the same. While counseling and psychotherapy have several different elements in each, the following information will also attempt to show the reader that there are some areas where the two overlap. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦7 One definition of counseling can be viewed in three key elements: A learning-oriented process, carried on in a simple, one-to-one social environment, in which a counselor, professionally trained in relevant psychological skills and knowledge, seeks to assist the client by methods appropriate to his or her needs and within the context a specifically designed program, to learn more about the patient’s â€Å"self,† to learn how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, an realistically defined goals so that the patient may become a more productive and happier member of his society. Basically, counseling can be described as a face-to-face relationship, having goals to help the patient to learn or acquire new skills which will enable him to cope and adjust to life’s daily situations and hardships. Therefore, in essence, the focus of the psychoanalyst is to help the client reach a maximum fulfillment or at least begin to intr oduce the potential for fulfillment, and to become fully functioning as a person as a whole, and healthy entity. One of the major distinctions between counseling and psychotherapy is the subject of primary focus utilized. In counseling, the counselor will focus on the here and now reality of the patient’s situations. During the psychotherapy session, the therapist is literally looking into the patient’s unconscious or past, for a connection to his pasts un-dealt with problems, which are now obviously present in his daily situation, which causes the stress or anguish as a result. Donald Arbuckle states, There is a further distinction to be made†¦This involves the nature or content of the problem which the client brings to the counselor. A Psychoanalytic Theory†¦8 distinction is attempted between reality-oriented problems and those problems which coexist in the personality of the individual (p.67). Counseling and psychotherapy also differentiate when it comes to the level of adjustment or maladjustment of the patient. Counseling, according to Dr. Henry Beck, holds an emphasis on the concept of normal, where the counselor may classify the concept of normal as those without neurotic problems, yet have become victims of pressures from some outside environment. The emphasis in psychotherapy however, is specifically on the neurotic patient, or other severe emotional problems. Counseling can also be described as problem solving, where in psychotherapy it is more analytically based, counseling may have a situation where a solution is not foreseeable. To this end, there appears to be two types of problems, solvable and unsolvable. If the problem is a solvable one, a therapist may help that patient by looking at the problem with him and help him to draw out a variety of solutions. When thinking of these possible solutions one must also think of the consequences to those solutions. While counseling deals with problem solving, psychotherapy on the other hand deals with the analytical view of the problem. Here, the therapist would determine the cause and effect of his patient’s behavior from the results of such behaviors. An example of this could be if a father abuses his child, the father’s behavior might stem from his past. The abusive father may have been a victim of abuse as a child himself, or have been a witness to similar abuse of a sibli ng or relative. It would be in the Psychoanalytic Theory†¦9 therapist’s best effort to analyze each act of the present and try to link it to some aspect in the unconscious past. The length of treatment also differs between counseling and psychotherapy, where most counseling sessions are far shorter in duration than psychotherapy. The time spent in counseling for example, is determined by goals set by the patient and the counselor at the beginning of the initial treatment planning. Once these goals are met, new goals may be set and future sessions determined depending on the patient’s progress. In contrast, psychotherapy tends to last a while longer, where sessions usually range from two to five years. Psychotherapy is more of a comprehensive re-education of the patient, where the intensity and length of therapy depends on how well the patient can deal with all of the new found information and expectation of goals. It could take quite sometime for the patient to be able to live with these feelings which originated in past experiences, that usually turn out to be hurtful ones. The setting of treatment also differs between counseling and psychotherapy, as a counseling session usually takes place in a non medical setting such as an office or church, psychotherapy is a more medically related element found in the clinical or hospital setting. Another difference between counseling and psychotherapy has to do with the issue of transference, which can be viewed differently between the two formats. As Brammer and Shostrom (1977) state, The counselor develops a close and personal relationship with the client, but he does not encourage or allow strong transference feelings as does the psychotherapist (p.223). The counselor tends to find transference as an interfering element within his or her counseling effectiveness and hoped outcome. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦10 A psychotherapist might feel that this transference is helpful and that the client may be able to see what he or she is trying to do within this professional relationship. A counselor may look at transference as a form of manifestation in an incomplete growing process, where the psychotherapist interprets these transference feelings as an unconscious group of feelings. The problem of resistance and how it is dealt with is another area of counseling and psychotherapy that tends to differ, as counselors may see resistance as something that opposes the problem solving goal, where the counselor tries to reduce this as much as possible, the psychotherapist may find resistance to be a very important element to work with. If the therapist can understand the patient’s resistance, he can then understand how to help the patient change his or her personality through creating an enlightened awareness. While there are clearly many differences between the counseling approach and that of psychotherapy, there are some similarities between the two that should be recognized too. Firstly, each of these formats are similar in the sense that each patient brings with him the assets, skills, strengths and possibilities needed to the therapy session. Secondly, counseling and psychotherapy are also similar in the way that they both use, as Arbuckle refers to it as an â€Å"eclectic approach.† Here, the counselors and therapists do not have only one technique, because they borrow from many different techniques instead of just one. Arbuckle argues that in this respect, counseling and psychotherapy are in all essential respects Psychoanalytic Theory†¦11 identical, as the nature of the relationship which is considered basic in counseling and psychotherapy are similar, where the process of counseling cannot easily be distinguished from the process of psychotherapy†¦The methods and techniques are identical in the matter of goals and or outcomes. (p.144) One major similarity between counseling and psychotherapy are the elements which build a persons personality, as each of these processes deal with attitudes, feelings, interests, self esteem, goals and related behaviors are all affected through counseling and psychotherapy. The primary elements that separate psychoanalytic therapy apart from other forms of psychotherapy and counseling can be viewed in the following attributes: The Psychoanalytic therapist prefers to treat patients without medications, although on occasion he may refer a patient to a physician/psychiatrist for drugs to be used in the treatment of depression, psychosis, or anxiety. The psychoanalytic therapist does not usually give specific recommendations about how the patient ought to manage his life or solve problems. Instead, the analyst prefers to help the patient understand why he is unable to solve problems or what internal conflict is preventing him from knowing what to do in his life. When necessary, the analyst may suggest postponing a particular decision until Psychoanalytic Theory†¦12 a later date, or may act to prevent a patient from harming himself or sabotaging the overall treatment. Some professionals in the field consider psychoanalytic therapy to be the best format for consistent therapy, while others feel that the behavioral schools, such as Gestalt, represent the most effective in treatment. Some feel that psychoanalysis is no more than a new age fad compared to more accepted sciences as, for instance, internal medicine or surgery. Because of this, there may be doubt in the patient, which may unfortunately hasten therapy. While current practice is based upon the early works of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, the fields history has made new discoveries regarding the subject of character and technique, thus creating the therapists ability to help patients on a much greater level, as this specific method of treatment will offer much to its patients. Psychoanalytic therapy is at times pleasurable and comforting, but it is also hard work. While the patients and the general public may imagine that psychotherapy is nothing more than self indulgence or a crutch that disrupts our material lives, anyone who has been analyzed, as a student, or as a patient, can readily explain that rather than escaping from reality, we learn to face it more comfortably, with a greater sense of purpose and to be encouraged to have a more independent daily life. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦13 The Psychoanalyst There are literally hundreds of forms of psychotherapy available to the public today, so it would be wise to understand each of these specific formats before selecting a therapist. Unfortunately, much of what has been written or said about psychoanalytic therapy has been by people who have little experience of the modern advances in the field of psychoanalysis. The psychoanalyst, as a professional, is the most rigorously trained of all therapists. In order to practice, a psychoanalyst must complete many comprehensive courses of theoretical training, complete a deep personal analysis, and than treat patients in the psychiatric setting under the supervision of a senior analysts. Although the bulk of this training is usually available at many universities and graduate schools, most psychoanalysts are trained at independent training institutes and than licensed after an certain amount of time has been successfully completed, which will be close to, or more than two thousand hours of supervision, depending on the State. These privet institutions are run by senior analysts and are monitored by accreditation bodies such as the American Psychological Association. Moreover, psychoanalysts usually have had prior training as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, or as nurse practitioners. Many of these senior analysts may hold the degree of M.D., Ph. D., Psy. D., M.S.W., or M.S.N. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦14 Psychoanalytic training usually takes five to ten years because the trainee must experience the in-depth formats of treatment himself, as well as treat cases under supervision until his supervisors feel he is competent to practice independently. Unlike graduate school courses which normally last one or two semesters, this training continues until the student has met the vigorous demands of all the courses, and when the supervisors and teachers agree that the training is complete, as well as prepare for and pass the exam for licensure in his or her own state. The Patient Understanding the patient in need of treatment, although being the very nature of psychotherapy can be extremely difficult, especially when decoding the complex and often times enigmatic nature of the human psyche. Because of this, it becomes paramount that the therapist not stereotype his or her client with that of other clients in the past, either actual or theoretical, or those expressed in the DSM-IV or related periodicals as case studies. The therapist must explore all the various avenues and possible stressors that may be either the primary or secondary cause for the patient’s problem. Of the main arenas of the human psyche Sigmund Freud and others explored during the later half of the 19th century, were the buried, unresolved situations, such as parental/sibling resentment, sexual frustration and self-esteem issues of the Psychoanalytic Theory†¦15 unconscious mind, as well as the discovery of hidden meanings behind dreams and their associations became of great interest, and considered directly tied to the unconscious mind ultimately became a primary tool for psychoanalysis. Also, the reality of early childhood events, which may have left an indelible residue on the unconscious mind, is believed to be directly related to many negative effects on the patient’s present psyche, which may be responsible for many aspects of pathology. Other problems associated with the treatment process for both the patient and the therapist are the barriers of resistance, which can be seen in several forms, and the misconceived subject of transference, which can be viewed in either a positive, or negative manner, depending on the views of the therapist, or that of the counselor, are major situations that both professionals will experience during their treatment relationship. Therefore, understanding the many aspects, both the good and the bad of the psychotherapeutic and counseling professions become clear, and because these attributes and potential problems are of paramount importance, the following represents a brief representation: Psychoanalytic Theory†¦16 Psychoanalysis and Understanding the Unconscious Mind The unconscious is composed of many mental processes, wishes, needs, attitudes, memories, and beliefs not directly available to ordinary, or as some suggest, wakeful awareness. It is hard for many people to accept the idea of the unconscious, the idea that something not under their direct control might influence their lives. However, close examination of this shows that many of the choices in life such as a spouse, friends, career, life style, and patterns of health are based upon motivations of which people are not ordinarily aware of. Many sad or angry childhood memories are also relegated to the unconscious, although they still control some day-to-day behaviors. Handicapped by a lack of awareness of the unconscious motivations, people can become victimized by emotional reactions and seen through various symptoms that inhibit their daily lives. Psychoanalytic therapy, in most cases, allows the patient to become aware of these unknown mental processes through their behavior, dreams, slips of the tongue and various free associations. Dream Association and Psychoanalysis Dreams play a useful role in psychoanalytic therapy because they offer, as seen in Freuds work entitled the â€Å"Royal Road to the Unconscious,† the dreams people Psychoanalytic Theory†¦17 express are most often that their unconscious needs, memories, conflicts and wishes of past and present situations. Dreams can also become an avenue of understanding to hidden aspects of the self when examined with the interpretive help of the analyst. The quintessential couch, although much misunderstood or misrepresented, is a useful tool in advancing the treatment process. For most psychoanalytic patients, it offers an opportunity to relax, undistracted by the therapists visible presence, and comfortably report thoughts, and feelings as they arise. The use of the couch also emphasizes that therapy is not just for social conversation, but for a specialized form of communication designed specifically to open up and promote healthy catharsis. Resistance and Transference in Psychoanalysis Dr Henry W. Beck, a psychoanalyst in privet practice from North Wales, Pennsylvania, who deals with patient’s suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder and eating disorders to men’s issues and family crisis situations, states, that during the course of every psychoanalytic therapy session, the patient sometimes demonstrates behavior that interferes with the progress of the treatment. This interference Dr. Beck is referring to is called resistance. Because psychoanalytic therapy helps the patient achieve freedom of thought and action by talking freely, the negative emotional forces that may cause the symptoms to manifest themselves as obstacles to psychotherapy, the patient may respond in the following manner: Psychoanalytic Theory†¦18 Becomes unable to talk any further without development. The patient feels he has nothing to say. The need to keep secrets from his therapist. Withholding information from the therapist because he is ashamed of them. The patient may feel that what he has to say isnt important. Patient repeats himself constantly. Refrains from discussing certain topics. Wants to do something other than talk†¦Talks only about thoughts and not feelings. Talks only about feelings and not thoughts. These and many other forms of possible resistance keep the patient from learning about himself, growing and becoming the person he or she wants to be. Together, the patient and the therapist study the meaning and purpose of the resistance and try to understand the key to unlocking it and allowing the patient to continue growing in a positive manner. Modern therapists recognize that a patient may have a great need to resist, and therefore use a relaxed approach to aid him in overcoming the problem. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦19 Psychoanalysts discovered early in their work that patients can have distorted views of their analyst, which may hinder the much needed trust factor for a positive session. An psychoanalyst with a quiet, reserved demeanor may be perceived as an oppressive tyrant, observing in an overseer manner instead of a caring person who is genuinely interested in the patient’s problems. In an Alternative situation, a patient may become convinced that the psychoanalyst loves him or her even though no such feeling has been expressed. These types of feelings usually come from attitudes toward significant individuals in a patients past such as parents, teachers, lovers or siblings. Sometimes the feelings toward the therapist represent actual feelings about a person in that patients past, and at other times the feelings are those of a desired, fantasy relationship with a significant individual. While not all patients develop these classical forms of transference, many patients find it necessary to understand the feelings they have toward their therapist, as this aids in the understanding of current relationships, the need for personal growth, expectations of others and attitudes toward themselves. Psychoanalytic Therapy and Early Life Events Events in the first five to six years of life have an important and lasting impact on the development of an individual’s unique character. However, the origins of emotional distress may be based in traumatic childhood events, difficult family relationships, early maturational needs that were absent, or various negative events in life. The past is Psychoanalytic Theory†¦20 important only if it interferes with the patients ability to function in the present, so therefore, the therapist must help the patient whose emotional disorder is rooted in his or her childhood distress’ and grow out of it and than to assist the adult of these stressors to find, acceptance and closure. Most people have read of Sigmund Freuds landmark discoveries regarding the crucial role that sexual thoughts and feelings have in life. However, modern psychoanalysts recognize that anger, hostility, dependency, and many other motivations may be just as important in shaping personality. While Freuds patients, mostly Victorian women, needed help to understand their sexuality, modern patients tend to have more difficulty coping with feelings of anger, loneliness, or the lack of a coherent sense of who they truly are. Patients experience a wide range of emotions toward the therapist. Individuals who have received little love or understanding in life may respond to a therapists understanding attitude with feelings of love. Other frequent responses to the therapist include hatred, amusement, disinterest or extended periods of no feelings. Psychoanalytic therapy is usually appropriate for anyone who wants to have a happier life with greater personal and emotional flexibility. Adults, children, couples, and whole families are frequently seen in psychoanalytic therapy sessions which may be a part of either private or group therapy. A wide range of emotional problems can be successfully treated with psychoanalytic therapy. Among them: Emotional pain, depression, boredom, restlessness. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦21 An inability to learn, love, work, or express emotion. Irrational fear, anxiety without a known cause. Pervasive feelings of meaninglessness, emptiness, unrelatedness. Lack of goals, values, or ideals. The feeling of being overwhelmed by responsibility and unable to relax and play. An inability to set practical, reachable goals, and accept responsibility. Unsatisfying relationships with spouse, children, or parents. Inability to have friends or lovers. The feeling that life is totally out of control and that one is not master of ones fate. An excessively controlled life, dominated by ritual and obsession. Compulsive overeating or an inability to eat enough for good health. Physical problems that have a psychological origin. In retrospect, the patient of psychoanalytic therapy is a partner with his therapist in a unique exploration of his life, consisting of his past, his present and his perceived future, and because no two people are alike, no two treatments are alike, which counts Psychoanalytic Theory†¦22 for the vast differences in therapeutic approaches. In most settings however, the patient often lies on a couch, or sits in a comfortable chair with the therapist just out of view, and talks. There are no specific topics†¦The patient can say anything he wants to say, but he doesnt have to talk about anything he would rather not discuss. As the patient talks, he reveals the past, his present life situation and future plans. Dreams, fantasies, sexual thoughts, angry thoughts, and feelings about himself and others are shared in a comfortable, safe manner. Over the course of time, the patient is helped by the therapist to tell the emotionally significant story of the patient’s life and problematic situations, permitting unconscious motives, fears, and memories to become integrated into current life. It is this form of communication, which, hopefully, transforms the otherwise medicinal realities of psychotherapy in general, into a more personable relationship filled with genuine warmth, understanding and most importantly, compassion. The psychoanalyst must create this particular atmosphere in order to offer the most to his or her patients. Furthermore, the main function of the psychoanalytic therapist is to listen carefully and attentively to the patient in order to understand him and facilitate an equal form of communication that will promote efficient catharsis. To this end, the therapist should use both intelligence and compassion to obtain verbal and nonverbal clues to the patients problems. The analyst must first understand these disguised communications and then transform them into information useful to the patient. To do this, the therapist asks questions, confronts distortions, and does anything else needed to help the patient share his thoughts and feelings comfortably. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦23 Although there is no time limit on psychoanalytic therapy, some patients may have the best benefits from a short period of time, which can be six months or less, and others may wish to continue treatment for some years, where the average patient remains in therapy for a minimum of two years, but as long as five years. Staying in therapy longer is neither a sign of excessive dependence nor signifies a severity of illness. We know now that it takes a lifetime to develop the attitudes and specific character traits that contribute to emotional stress, and generally, although not always, time is required for making any positive change. And so, any therapist who promises change in a specified period of time is not being completely honest with his client. In short, it is common that therapy is terminated when the goals of the patient have been achieved. When the patient is able to comfortably experience all of his feelings, both the good and bad feelings without having to act them out, and when he is able to comfortably relate all of these feelings to the analyst and act in his own best interest, the therapy is, theoretically complete. Psychoanalytic theory and the therapy in this tradition have both evolved since Sigmund Freud. Freud placed his greatest theoretical emphasis on the study of the human sexual drive, in particular, the Oedipal phase of psychosexual development, which begins between the ages of four to six when a child falls in love with the parent of the opposite sex. Since the time of Freud, greater emphasis has been placed upon the study of how an individual emerges into the world as a separate person with a sense of Psychoanalytic Theory†¦24 himself and positive self-esteem. Current theory also deals with aggression, early mother-child interaction, social relations, family dynamics and psychosomatics, which further this concept of the self. Early Freudians only accepted relatively mature, neurotic patients for treatment, which were seen on a daily basis, rather than the larger spectrum of patients we see today. Moreover, the only interventions used by the analyst at the turn of the century were to be interpretations or explanations of a patients behavior, which were almost always based in the sexual format. Patients are generally seen less frequently today, giving the patient a more liberal basis of treatment, a feeling of self-reliance and analysts have more flexibility in their responses to a patient. In short, modern analysis is modified to meet the needs of the individual, rather than expecting the patient to conform to the analysts requirements. Since the birth of Freudian analysis in the early 1900s numerous approaches have been developed including those of Jung, Adler, Horney, Sullivan, Klein, Kohut, and Spotnitz. Each school of psychoanalytic therapy focuses on certain aspects of treatment or personality. The differences between these schools have become far less dramatic with time. Frequently, the differences between analysts trained in the same tradition can be equal to or greater than those between analysts of different schools. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦25 A strong-willed person may certainly modify the symptoms of emotional problems by willpower, but the unconscious will most often express itself in a different symptom. Certainly many people have radically changed the form and substance of their lives without psychoanalytic therapy, but emotional distress caused by unconscious conflict can only be adequately met by psychoanalytic therapy. Most people have such a high degree of resistance that an insight gleaned by self-analysis tends to be either superficial or confirmed as healthy by already-held beliefs, so rather than promoting change, this person continues in this misleading ether of self-deceit. Of course, many have tried and benefited to some extent from self-analysis, but a regimen of regularly scheduled appointments, combined with the assistance of an experienced analyst, is vital to the process. In addition, much of who we are is determined by our relationships with other people. An analyst provides an opportunity to observe ourselves in a close relationship and safely try out new ways of relating to others. Conclusion. It would be obvious to say that not all therapists believe that there is a distinction between psychotherapy and counseling, yet as seen with this aforementioned outline, psychoanalytical theory has several differentials from the general counseling psychology format that should be recognized. C.H. Patterson, however, feels that it is almost impossible to make a distinction, believing that the definition of counseling Psychoanalytic Theory†¦26 equally applies to psychotherapy and vice a versa, and in contrast, Arbuckle argues that counseling and psychotherapy are identical in all essential aspects, and still others believe that there is a distinction. Psychotherapy is concerned with some type of personality alteration or change, where counseling is concerned with helping individuals utilize their full potential in coping techniques. Arbuckle (1967) included Leona Tylers thoughts on the differences between counseling and psychotherapy. Leona Tyler attempts to differ between counseling and psychotherapy by stating, to remove physical and mental handicaps or to rid of limitations is not the job of the counselor, this is the job of the therapist which is aimed essentially at change rather than fulfillment. (p. 82) With Tyler’s beliefs about the differences between psychotherapy and counseling, we can see a black and white logic of those philosophical views, which go beyond the generalized opinion of both these areas of expertise and ideals, which are also supported by the modern scientific community and human services professionals alike. With these differences understood, we as professionals may have the opportunity to better assist and support the consumer population individually and as a whole. Overall, the major difference here, are the time and focus factors faced in each individual approach found in psychoanalytic therapist and the mental health counselor. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦27 The difference may be found with counseling, which deals primarily with the here-and-now/reality situations, as in opposition, which the unconscious past as the primary focus in psychotherapy. Moreover, counseling has been described as helping the patient in developing more competencies in coping with life situations where as psychotherapy deals with the re-organization of ones whole personality and soulful philosophies. One must take a close look at the philosophies and practices between counseling and psychotherapy to distinguish whether or not there is a difference between the two approaches. Although many can not distinguish the differences between counseling from psychotherapy today, even many professionals, we must look at the vast differences with the primary and secondary goals we set for our patients, as well as be able to identify the ideals and practices as they are. Fortunately, after reading the research of these aforementioned psychoanalysts and authors, I realized that there are indeed major differences between counseling and psychotherapy. And, as these findings, although still debatable for some, as to the goal and outcome for the patient may be different, the importance of this subject, and the mental, emotional and even the spiritual health of the consumer population, our patients, becomes clear. Psychoanalytic Theory†¦28 References Arbuckle, D. S. (1967). Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Overview. New York: McGraw Hill. Beck, H.W. Psychotherapy: Views and Ideas. The Patient and the Therapist. (n.d.) from Abraham A. Brill Library, nysa.org Bettelheim, B. Rosenfeld, A. (1993). The Art of the ObviousDeveloping Insight for Psychotherapy and Everyday Life. New York: Knopf. Brammer, L . Shostrom, E. (1977). Therapeutic Psychology: Fundamentals of Counseling and Psychotherapy Third Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rogers, C. (1951). Client Centered Therapy. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Shostrom, E. (1967). Man the Manipulator. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. Pacella, B. (2000) Child and Family Counseling, The New York Psychoanalytic Institute Counseling Today. (2000) Abraham A. Brill Library, nysa. org Research Papers on Psychoanalytic Theory and Modern CounselingThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion