can money buy happiness Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s materialistic world, the phrase that ‘money can’t buy happiness’ is tending to be proved hence otherwise. Social research and surveys have shown results based on an individuals income, health and the political scenario which is dominant in his or her region. It is quite obvious that the gap between the privileged and the not so is growing into a great divide giving rise to different class and status, thus defining ones social circle. It should therefore be understood how an individuals economic status affects their personal happiness throughout all aspects of life. Many tend to refer to this age-old quote especially when they tend to belong to sector of people who can’t afford the modern day luxuries of life. What they do not realize is that money, might in fact do just that, buy happiness. On the other hand, those who have pockets as heavy as themselves think that money Is nothing but a burden and a complication in life, which is too net worked to figure out, let alone solve. Happiness as defined in the Oxford Dictionary is a feeling of luck, fortune and contentment. The trends of music have hip hop artists expressing their childhoods as miserable experiences because they grew up in the ghetto. However once they have acquired their wealth, things couldn’t have been going more smoothly. Could they have not made the best out of their childhood, knowing that they were loved and cared for? Weren't they truly happy then without all the material accessories? In my opin...

Eliminative Materialism

Explain Eliminative Materialism. Explain an argument in its favor. Does the Argument succeed? In this paper I will discuss Eliminative Materialism, a theory in philosophy of mind. First I will explain the term theory-theory, next Folk Psychology, as a theory will be discussed. Then, I will clarify the failure of Folk Psychology as per Eliminative Materialism. Last, I will explain an argument in favor of Eliminative Materialism. Finally, I will elucidate whether the argument succeeds or fails. Functionally, a theory must make predictions, interpret evidence in new ways, and provide explanations of phenomena in its domain [http://www. iep. utm. edu/th-th-co/]. Science contains an ample amount of theories. For example, the theory of evolution in biology makes the prediction that all life forms arose from a common ancestor. In the event that a new species is to be discovered the theory of evolution can, based on its careful observations and classifications of life forms, predict the ancestors of the newly discovered species. The theory of evolution does provide adequate explanation of phenomena in its domain; hence it is a successful theory. â€Å"The term â€Å"Theory-Theory† derives from Adam Morton (1980), who proposed that our everyday understanding of human psychology constitutes a kind of theory by which we try to predict and explain behavior in terms of its causation by beliefs, intentions, emotions, traits of character, and so on†[http://www. iep. uwtm. edu/th-th-co/]. The hypothesized theory of human behavior is â€Å"Folk Psychology†. Folk Psychology provides explanations of human behavior, which is contingent on other mental states, like: desires, beliefs, fears, perceptions and so forth [Paul Churchland]. Hence, Folk Psychology has numerous mental states in its domain for which it provides explanations. To provide explanation of phenomenon and predictions Folk Psychology and other scientific theories use deductive nomological (law-like) explanations (Campbell). This is according to Paul Churchland. Here is an example of a deductive nomological explanation of fear-behavior as per Folk Psychology: People who are exposed to something scary tend to be scared. People who tend to be scared shriek â€Å"Yahhhhooowww† I scared my friend by surprising her Therefore, My friend said â€Å"Yahhhhooowww† Deductive nomological predictions can be attained my manipulating the tenses. According to Paul Churchland Folk Psychology has become such an integral and seemingly natural part of our way of dealing with one another; we overlook its theoretical status. Another reason for its seamless integration is the fact that Folk Psychology is an empirical revisionary theory. â€Å"It is so obviously a theory†¦ The structural features of Folk Psychology parallel perfectly those of mathematical physics; the only difference lies in the respective domain of abstract entities they exploit-numbers in the case of physics, and propositions in the case of psychology†(Churchland) Being an empirical revisionary theory Folk Psychology excepts far more generalizations/exceptions than do other reputable theories (Campbell). Now that we have seen that Folk Psychology shares theoretical underpinnings with actual scientific theories what is next? According to an Eliminative Materialist then Folk Psychology can be disproven/eliminated. The preceding also suggests that Folk Psychology is not innate (knowledge that is a priori) as we might believe. That our commonsense psychological framework may be completely erroneous. – â€Å"The presumed domain of folk psychology used to be much larger than it is now. In primitive cultures, the behavior of most of the elements of nature were understood in intentional term. The wind could know anger†¦ † Churchland – The above shows reduction of the domain over the course of the years of folk psychology â€Å"Given that folk psychology is an empirical theory, it is at least an abstract possibility that its principles are radically false and that its ontology is an illusion. â€Å"(Churchland) Our Ontology is the catalogue of all things we believe actually exist in the universe. Campbell) â€Å"Born of innocence and tunnel vision† Churchland To measure Folk Psychology's success â€Å"we must evaluate Folk Psychology with regard to its coherence and continuity with fertile and well-established theories in adjacent domains-with evolutionary theory, biology, and neuroscience. † (Churchland). – Mention the failings of Folk Psychology here. Specific example the process of learning. If folk psychology is something that is itself learned then folk psychology would thus appear incapable of even addressing how one learns. Folk psychology then comes across a theory that is at best a highly superficial theory, a partial and unpenetrating gloss on a deeper and more complex reality. A reality that can be uncovered only by mature neuroscience. – If we approach homo sapiens from the perspective of natural history and the physical sciences, we can tell a coherent story of his constitution, development, and behavioral capacities which encompasses†¦ That story, though still radically incomplete, is already extremely powerful, outperforming Folk Psychology at many points even in its own domain. – â€Å"On why is Folk Psychology hard to get rid of: Folk Psychology is a central part of our current lebenswelt, and serves as the principle vehicle of our interpersonal commerce. Foe these facts provide folk psychology with a conceptual inertia that goes far beyond its purely theoretical virtues. Folk psychology's categories appear (so far) to be incommensurable with or orthogonal to the categories of the background physical science whose long-term claim to explain human behavior seems undeniable. What is Folk Psychology? Folk Psychology is the common-sense understanding of mental states [Stanford]. By â€Å"common-sense understanding† it is meant that mental states are not discerned in a scientific manner. Folk psychology encompasses the explanation and the prediction of behavior, the other-minds problem, the nature of i ntrospection

Teenage Pregnancy - 2330 Words

Discussion Question Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation Course Adolescent pregnancy is considered as a pregnancy in a female who is less than 20 years of age at the end of the pregnancy. It can occur in a fertile female either at puberty before the occurrence of her first menstrual period, or after the first period. The first menstrual period in nourished girls occurs at around 12 or 13 years of age. Pregnant teenagers experience many issues similar to other women. However, there would be other medical issues for mothers under 15 years. Teenage mothers of ages 15 to19 face socioeconomic issues rather than biological issues. Underage pregnancies are associated with high biological risks such as anemia,†¦show more content†¦Teenage pregnancy has many causes, risks, and effects. Researchers have identified quite a number of causes of teenage pregnancies. Some of the causes are engagement in unprotected sexual activity and lack of contraceptive use, which may be as a result of lack of knowledge. Some teenagers indulge in sexual activities under the influence of drugs. Failure to attend school and poor performance is also another cause. Poverty or low income in families leads to early sexual indulgence as a means to raise money. Single parenthood or the lack of parental involvement in a teenager’s upbringing can lead to underage practices in sex (Creatsas Elsheikh, 20 02). Teenage pregnancy is a major issue in healthcare. This is because underage pregnancies have hazardous implications in a teenager’s physical, social, and psychological life. Teenage mothers also have poor antenatal care. Because of this, they end up giving birth to premature babies, low weight, and those that die within their first year. Infant mortality rates are noted as being high for babies who are delivered by teenage mothers. In most cases, children born of teenage pregnancies are usually raised in single parenthood and may be brought up in poverty. The well-being of teenage mothers is also compromised because some of these teenage mothers have low income, low educational achievements, and low occupationalShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy2089 Words   |  9 Pageswas at a store when I came across a very young girl. She must have been no older than seventeen, but was so obviously pregnant. This did not surprise me since this is something common here in the Imperial Valley; we have such a high rate of teen pregnancy. What really caught my attention was that she was not alone; she had in her cart a toddler that kept referring her to mom. All I could think of was that such a young girl should not be concerned with raising a child, especially not two. Most youngRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancy2011 Words   |  9 Pagesproblems among teenagers is teen pregnancy. Throughout high school and college, teenagers are getting pregnant at an age they are incapable of taking care of a child. Along with hearing about teens getting pregnant, television shows are displaying it to you like 16 and Pregnant. Though the pregnancy rates have fallen over previous years, the United States still has the highest rates than any other Western industrialized country. Along with the teen pregnancies comes sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teenage Pregnancies1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe amount of teenage pregnancie s in America has skyrocketed in the last few decades. Young, uneducated children are having sexual intercourse without a clear understanding of the serious consequents behind their actions, but it is not entirely their fault because their parents and school’s curriculum have failed to bestow a clear and concise grasp of sex. Sexual education is typically incorporated into an academic setting either in middle school or high school when an adolescent is hitting pubertyRead MoreThe Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1558 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is normally identified as a deprived life choice, for example, tasks of teenage parenting have long-term impact on the mental health of the mother and children (Statistics New Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socioeconomic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss h ow it affects the mental health of an adolescent motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy825 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy In 2014 Oklahoma City had the second highest teen birth rate in the United States at 38.5 pregnancies per 1000; the national average is 24.2 per 1000 (Grigson, 2016). Changing the health behaviors that lead to teenage pregnancy should be a #1 priority for healthcare workers and within the community. In order to have a positive impact on this target population, there needs to be increased awareness of the outcomes of teenage pregnancy, and more importantly how to change the healthRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Teens903 Words   |  4 Pagesmay make, on average, $20,000 to $40,000 a year. The reality of teenage pregnancies can cause many disturbances in an adolescent s life. High school pregnancies are not glitz and glamour like television may portray, in reality, expecting teenage mothers are not exposed to that fashionable life that most teenagers strive for. A student s normal like will be affected by problems with friends, family, and emotional experiences. Teenage friendships are what shapes a human into the people that they becomeRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Social Issue1551 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy rates have been declining in the United States, but when compared to pregnancy rates in other industrial countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom they are still relatively high. (Office of Adolescent Health, 2016). Teenage pregnancy is defined by UNICEF, as an adolescent between the ages of thirteen to nineteen becoming pregnant. (UNICEF Malaysia Communications). Teenage pregnancy is viewed as a social issue because of the way it affects a country’s economy, the mother andRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy1812 Words   |  8 PagesTeenage Pregnancy I. Introduction Teenage pregnancy is one of the major problem that the world is facing today. Early pregnancy or teenage pregnancy is dangerous to teenage girls’ health because it may cause cervical cancer, aids, and eventually death. Teenage pregnancies are often associated with an increased rate of delinquent behaviors including alcohol and substance abuse. To begin with, majority of them belong to the low income group. To prevent this dilemma, there are some preventionsRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesMaria Isabel Terrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early age

Let me point out a few common misconceptions that you...

Let me point out a few common misconceptions that you might create while conceptualising your own version of Biggs ideas. Surface and deep are characteristics of the approaches that students might make, not characteristics of the students themselves. The three learning theories I want to discuss are Constructivist, Humanist and Congnitivism. According to constructivist theorists it is important that students do not have misconceptions before they start to learn a new concept. Teachers should identify the students current understanding and ideas in order to construct new meaning. This can be done, for example, by giving a quiz as an introduction to a new subject, by group discussion, by giving activities after presenting new†¦show more content†¦The humanist learning theory (also known as self-directed learning) increases curiosity and encourages students to take responsibility for their own development and learning. It can be applied by establishing a warm, positive class atmosphere where each student believes they can learn what you want them to learn. It is important for the teacher to help students feel positive about themselves. I would do this in my teaching by giving lots of praise to students, particularly students that have a problem with confidence and are participating in tasks and activities outside of their comfort zone. I would try to create an atmosphere where there is no judgement from other students, where students are encouraged to think for themselves and discuss their findings – not saying that answers are right or wrong but considering why they have come to their conclusions, if there might be other ways to approach the question and if different answers might be found. Once the students are comfortable and confident in the environment and in what they are doing then they can be stretched and challenged. In this learning theory it is also important that the studetns are given some control over their own learning, so they should be given options about what to learn and how to learn. In cognitivism the focus is on the students and how they gain and organise their knowledge. Petty (2009, page 104) suggests that cognitivists argue that learnersShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesagreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry

Neo Personality Inventory Revised ( Neo Pi R ) - 4227 Words

NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) Linda Laiton Dominguez Salem College Psych 220, Spring 2017 Dr. Mary Jacobsen April 18, 2017 Psychological tests or psychological assessments are an important asset in the field of psychology. These tests are designed to measure people’s characteristics which pertain to behavior. There are a variety of different types of tests that can be used to assess different types of behaviors. According to the specific behavior or behaviors being assessed, tests are†¦show more content†¦The NEO PI-R is available for purchase at the publisher’s website, for individuals with a qualification level of S or B. A level S qualification requires that buyers have a degree, certificate, or license to practice in a health care profession, in addition to having the appropriate training and experience in ethical administration, scoring, and interpretation of clinical behavioral assessment measures (NEO PI-Râ„ ¢, 2012). A level B qualification is very similar to the level S qualification in that it requires a license or certification that required appropriate training and e xperience in the ethical and knowledgeable use of psychological tests, or a degree in psychology, counseling, or a related field, in addition to having completed coursework in test interpretation, psychometrics, measurement theory, and educational statistics with a passing grade (NEO PI-Râ„ ¢, 2012). This helps to ensure that the test is only handled by individuals who have the necessary knowledge to interpret the test without misinterpretation, which could have negative outcomes. The NEO PI-R is self-administered, which means individuals who do not have formal training in clinical psychology, personality or related fields can administer and score the instruments (Costa McCrae, 1992). Although, it is highly suggested that the administrator, whether formally trained or not, review the administration and scoring procedures from the manual. On the other hand,Show MoreRelatedPsychological Tests And Psychological Assessment4243 Words   |  17 Pagestypes of behaviors. According to the specific behavior or behaviors being assessed, tests are categorized into two types, ability tests and personality tests. Ability tests, which encompass achievement, aptitude, and intelligence testing are used to determine capacity or potential by measuring scores based on speed, accuracy, or both. On the other hand, personality tests, which include structured or projective are used to determine behavior traits, that may be overt or covert. The structured test, requiresRead MoreA T heory Of Careers And Vocational Choice Based Upon Personality Types1560 Words   |  7 Pagesto a theory of careers and vocational choice based upon personality types. Psychologist, John L. Holland, developed the theoretical framework behind the Holland Codes. Each letter or code stands for a particular type: Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers), Artistic (Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers). According to Holland, a three-letter code represents a client s overall personality. The test consists of 48 example tasks that you rate byRead MoreThe Neo Personality Inventory ( Neo )2719 Words   |  11 Pagesachievement, stress level, personality domain, and to assess a client’s issue or level or functioning. Assessment instruments within counseling can also be used to provide the necessary treatment plans or academic help that is needed by the individuals who are being tested. For the purposes of this paper the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) will be examined. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) is a personality inventory that has been used to test the big five factors of personality which include theRead MoreThe Neo Pi R, By Paul T. Costa Jr.1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe NEO-PI-R is a standard questionnaire that is a general measure of personality based upon the five factor model of personality (Piedmont, 2001; PAR, n.d). It systematically measures emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles, which is used as a resource for a wide variety of professionals (Costa McCrae, 1992; PAR, n.d). it measures these styles by using the five domains of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness)Read MoreConscientiousness: a Review1793 Words   |  8 PagesConscientiousness: A review Introduction: A major contribution of our personality is an essential trait known as Conscientiousness. It was first grouped in the Five Factor Model personality and the circumplex model of interpersonal behavior 40 years ago by well known psychologists named Tupes and Christal(1961) (McCrae and Costa,1985).Recent developments on the work were carried on by several other psychologists like McCrae and Costa (1985a), Digman and Inouye (1986), Hogan (1983), and PeabodyRead MoreMaterials . Signal Detection Task. A 25-Minute Signal Detection1130 Words   |  5 Pagesperformance were analyzed with respect to their accuracy, response time, discriminability and degree of bias formed throughout the task. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). The PID-5 (Krueger) is a questionnaire that includes 220 items rated on a 4 point Likert format of response scale (0 for very false or often false and 3 for very true or often true). This inventory is used to assess the symptoms as proposed in DSM-5 traits. The PID-5 comprises of 25 primary trait scales that reflects onto 5 higherRead MoreGender And Openness At Experience1081 Words   |  5 Pagesfindings suggest that there is a relationship between gender and the personality trait of openness to experience. Gender and Openness to Experience From the beginning of one’s life, people interact with one another, immediately creating new relationships. The type of relationships humans develop is determined by an individual’s personality. Based upon the Big Five Factor Model, there are five broad personality traits to describe humans (Costa, 1992). The Big Five traits areRead MoreOpenness in Personality10561 Words   |  43 PagesThere have been different theoretical perspectives in the field of personality psychology over the years including human motivation, the whole person, and individual differences. The Big Five falls under the perspective of individual differences. In contemporary psychology, the Big Five factors (or Five Factor Model; FFM) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusualRead MoreDifferent Theories And Models Of Personality2751 Words   |  12 Pagesthe word personality is still hard to define. Many psychologists disagreed on how to define psychology and how to identify behaviors through personalities. As there are many theories and models of personality, this essay will discuss the five-factor model, and its wide application within a culture or a community. One of the most important goals of personality psychology is the establishment of a model that can describe a person s personality and disorders that are associated with personality. Not onlyRead MorePersonality Traits2403 Words   |  10 PagesIn psychology, personality traits could be explained from many aspects, and one of them describes personality traits as categorizations of people’s particular characteristics (Burger, 1997) while others hold opposite ideas that personalities are more unique and different for ea ch individual depending on his or her peculiar life experience. The former idea relates itself to nomothetic approach, which is a quantitative approach that studies personalities that people share in common to find out a general

Health Psychology Stress and Well Being Free Essays

string(57) " how the individual appraises the situation or stressor\." Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being Shavonia Finley PSY 101: Introduction to Psychology Destiny Champion February 14, 2011 Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being In everyone’s life a little stress must fall. We all have to deal with daily hassles and various personal stressors that effect our emotional and physical health. The manner in which we deal with these stressors can alleviate or reduce stress or it can make things worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mind and body issues have bemused philosophers and psychologists since the ancient Greeks; however recently a new subfield in psychology has immerged to investigate the subject. Health psychology focuses on psychological factors and how they relate to wellness and illness. This would include prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical ailments. More specifically, psychoneuroimmunology is a growing field dedicated to examining how psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain work together. For most people life is filled with small hassles that recur on a regular basis. Busy schedules at home and at work coupled with a traffic filled commute before your day even gets going can cause stress. These stressors are known as background stressors and are the most easily dealt with. They are the daily hassles that irritate us, do not require much coping, and are soon forgotten. Other background stressors can be classified as long term, chronic problems. Dissatisfaction with work, a relationship that is not fulfilling, or a culmination of minor stressors can manifest into health problems such as psychological symptoms, backaches, sore throat, or even the flu [ (Feldman, 2009) ]. The opposite of the daily hassle is uplifts. These are those positive little things that make us feel good. Uplifts are usually temporary, but when we experience more uplifts than stressors we experience less psychological symptoms. An example of an uplift might be something like getting a compliment or completing a task. Stressors such as the terrorist attack in 2001 or Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are classified as cataclysmic events. Cataclysmic events are experienced by many people at once and usually do not have potent, lingering effects. Social support is abundant because so many people share the same first-hand account of the event and can understand each other’s feelings. Another major category of stressors is personal stressors. This would be brought on by things that are more personal such as the loss of a job or the death of a loved one. These types of stressors yield an immediate response that tapers over time allowing us to better cope. How we initially react to a stressor shows that there is a direct link between our mental and physical functions. Walter Cannon’s research in biological psychology, early in the 20th century, led him to describe the â€Å"fight or flight† response of the sympathetic nervous system to perceived threats to physical or emotional security (Feldman, 2009). The body reacts with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, increase in perspiration, hearing and vision become more acute, and the hands and feet become cold due to blood being directed to large muscles in preparation for fight or fleeing. Hans Selye took this a little further and popularized the concept of stress in the 1950’s. His theory, which he called general adaption syndrome, suggests all individuals have the same or similar response to threatening situations. He believed that not only did the sympathetic nervous system respond, but also the adrenal cortex and the pituitary gland. The theory is that enough epinephrine, or adrenaline, is produced to focus the body on immediate self preservation and shut down other functions such as digestion, reproduction, tissue repair, and the immune system. A constant threat or stressor would leave these functions inhibited and cause the individual to be susceptible to illness (Richmond, 1997). This inhibition of bodily functions can also exacerbate an existing illness. There are three stages; alarm and mobilization when the stressor is realized, resistance or the attempt to cope, and if coping was not adequate, exhaustion and the onset of negative consequences. One example of how stress can leave someone vulnerable to illness is clear when we look at the case of an adolescent girl named Tatiana. Tatiana has had to take on parental responsibilities for her little sister for the past several years, giving up all social time with her friends to do so. She has also had knowledge of the financial difficulties her parents have had to deal with recently. To make matters worse, she has had to move from her home, just as she is starting middle school, to a whole new state. Recently she presented with severe abdominal pains from constipation. None of the over-the-counter remedies helped and she was admitted to the hospital. She was diagnosed with a virus that paralyzed her intestines so the doctor gave her antibiotics and a special diet to follow. Unfortunately, her condition continued to decline and the doctors decided her symptoms were psychosomatic, implying her illness was not real. She eventually lost all muscle function in her arms and legs and was confined to a wheelchair. She then was enrolled in a program run by a health psychologist designed to treat psychophysiological disorders. Since her physical ailments were already being treated by a pediatrician they could concentrate on the psychological and emotional difficulties and how they all interacted. After two months in the program, Tatiana is now able to walk on her own and is no longer having digestive difficulties. As she has stated, â€Å"I was very angry with my parents. They never asked me what I wanted. They treat me like a baby, but they want me to do grown-up stuff. I hated them for that† (Wells, 2011). While Selye’s theory has impacted our understanding of stress, it has also been challenged. His theory suggests that no matter what the stressor, the biological reaction will be similar in all individuals. Health psychologists today believe the reaction is also determined by how the individual appraises the situation or stressor. You read "Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being" in category "Papers" For example, another adolescent in Tatiana’s situation may simply have acted out instead of becoming ill. The situation could have been perceived by another as stressful, but not unusual, therefore the different perception would result in a different outcome. Due to these differences in perspective, there has been an increased focus on psychoneuroimmunology and stress. Psychoneuroimmunology takes a broader approach to stress. It focuses more directly on the outcomes of stress; three main consequences have been identified. First, the physiological results of stress include increased blood pressure, hormonal activity, and an overall decline in the effectiveness of the immune system. Second, stress can cause people to behave in ways that are not productive and even harmful such as drug, alcohol, or nicotine use, poor eating habits, and a decrease in sleep. Third, indirect consequences that can cause a decline in health and the likelihood that medical advice will be ignored if ever sought. One of the biggest illnesses associated with stress is coronary heart disease. You may know someone who is always in competition with others, is easily irritated, or is overly aggressive. We all feel this way sometimes, but there are those who carry the set of personality traits know as the Type-A behavior pattern. Then there are those who fall into Type-B behavior pattern which is more patient, noncompetitive, nonaggressive, and cooperative. These two behavior types are the polar ends of a continuum and most people fall somewhere in the middle. Type-A personalities in males are highly associated with coronary heart disease. Hostility seems to be a key factor since it triggers the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, increases heart rate, and raises blood pressure. When this response is exaggerated and continuous there is an increased incidence of coronary heart disease (Feldman, 2009). For most of society stress has been recognized as a part of life. Therefore people have devised many ways to control, reduce or tolerate it. These methods are known as coping and are often utilized in multiples. The most common methods of coping with stress are emotion-focused and problem-focused. Emotion-focused coping focuses on people trying to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem; like looking on the bright side. Problem-focused coping strategies include modification of the source of the stress; an example would be learning how to fix your own car to maintain and avoid costly repairs. Common coping methods vary widely in individuals. Most will choose healthy resolutions such as relaxation techniques to slow down the sympathetic nervous system. These include exercise, meditation, prayer, joining a support group, or any other activity that relaxes you such as painting or listening to music. There are also those who will choose unhealthy courses of action. For them alcohol use is the number one choice. Others may choose to use drugs, nicotine, overeat, or starve themselves. Some people choose yet another course of action called learned helplessness. This is when someone is faced with a situation that seems intolerable and they eventually give up. Their environment has ingrained in them that certain situations cannot be controlled or changed regardless if it can or not. The opposite would be the person with a hardy personality. They seem to have the most success with dealing with stress. This personality type has three distinct characteristics: commitment, challenge, and control. They usually throw themselves into whatever they are working on, they believe change is the norm in life rather than stability, and they give the perception that they can influence the events in their lives. Managing stress before it becomes too difficult to control is another aspect of coping. Having a healthy perspective of most situations will allow you to prioritize your life reducing the potential stressors. Also, having a realistic self image and reasonable expectations will allow you to set appropriate goals. The achievement of such goals will result in an uplift rather than a perceived failure. Once stress can be managed there can be a pursuit for happiness. Over the course of a life there will be times that are happier than others or not happy at all. In a study performed by Carol Ryff it was determined that happiness can be measured in six dimensions; prior studies did not include as many dimensions (1989). The dimensions described in her study would be self acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Her study surveyed 321 men and women of varying ages. Someone scoring high would possess a positive attitude toward themselves including their good and bad qualities. They would also show empathy towards others and understand the give and take of relationships. Autonomy is seen in someone who is independent and able to resist social pressures. Someone who has become an environmental master has a sense of competence in controlling external activities. Believing you have a purpose in life means you have goals and a sense of direction. Finally, having a feeling of continued development and openness to new experiences shows personal growth. Another study used the person-environment fit theory to compare work and family experiences to the person’s values and how they relate to stress and well-being. The idea behind the study was to see if the amount of supplies we value influences well-being when they increase and decrease. The dimensions looked at were autonomy, relationships, security, and segmentation. Person – environment fit theory says that stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between the environment and a person’s goals, desires, and values (Edwards Rothbard, 1999). Cognitive appraisal is directly incorporated into the concept of stress. Basically, person – environment theory predicts well-being when there is a perceived match in environment and values. The opposite, or stress, occurs when there is a mismatch. The onset of stress will cause mental and physical strain and stimulate efforts to cope. There are three reasons why well being should be higher when autonomy supplies and values are both high rather than low. First, high autonomy supplies may consist of high supplies for responsibility and authority, in other words accomplishment and status, which many people value. Second, desiring and attaining high levels of autonomy possibly constitutes a supply for values pertaining to accomplishment and adjustment. Third, autonomy allows for freedom to allocate time and resources to meet life’s high demands. High control in addition to high demands gives people the ability to successfully cope with challenging situations, which leads to satisfaction and growth. The next dimension is relationships or personal connections with other people. People are naturally motivated to establish and maintain relationships. This is true at work and with family members. Relationships play such a dominant role in stress research because they provide social support that facilitates coping with stress and achieving well-being. When a person has a desire for strong connections with others it suggests they have achieved ambitious goals regarding social integration. The third dimension of well being is security, which is defined as â€Å"the belief that membership in a role is stable and likely to continue† (Edwards Rothbard, 1999). An example would be the feeling of job security or security within a marriage. Security is yet another basic human motive. Finally, the degree of separation or insulation there is between work and family is segmentation. Keeping your family stresses and work stresses separate requires an active effort on the part of the person. Managing boundaries between the two allows the person to inhibit the transfer of stressful experiences between the two. The study of mental and physical well being done by health psychologists and psychoneuroimmunolgists is still relatively new and is opening the door to many new career fields. The opportunities for careers in health psychology in this country are plentiful. Medical settings, especially medical centers, have expanded their employment opportunities for psychologists. In addition to medical centers, health psychologists often work in colleges and universities, medical schools, health maintenance organizations, rehabilitation centers, pain management centers, public health agencies, hospitals, and private consultation/practice offices [ (American Psychological Association: Health Psychology, 2011) ]. In addition to the specific skills that psychologists offer to patients and staff in the medical community, psychologists offer a unique perspective that assists other healthcare professionals make certain that health care is helpful and cost-effective. Health psychologists have focused on how life’s ups and downs can affect our mental and physical health. They have stirred professional and public interest in how biology, the environment, and our behaviors influence health and illness. Their studies have provided us with methods of coping and anaging stress so it is possible to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The more we learn about the relationship between biology, our environment, and behavior the better equipped we will be at preventing, diagnosing, and managing chronic illness. References American Psychological Association: Health Psychology. (2011). Retrieved January 27, 2011, from APA Division 38: http://www. health-psych. org/abouthowtobecome. cfm Edwards, J. R. , Rothba rd, N. P. (1999). Work and Family Stress and Well-Being: An Examination of Person-Environment Fit in the Work and Family Domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 77 (No. 2), 85 – 129. Feldman, R. S. (2009). Understanding Psychology (9th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. R. L. Richmond, P. (1997). The Psychcology of â€Å"Stress Management†. Retrieved January 2011, from A guide to psychology and its practice: http://www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 (No. 6), 1069 – 1081. Wells, T. (2011, February 5). (S. Finley, Interviewer) How to cite Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being, Papers

Case Study for International Pricing And Performance of Xiaomi

Questions: 1: Main competitors of Xiaomi in the markets of China, India and United States? 2: Main strategy of Xiaomi in the market segments? 3: Explaining Xiaomis Advertisement Approach? 4: Key Measures of Success for Xiaomis Strategy? Answers: Introduction The modern business organizations have become global and the range of the products and services of all the organizations have increased by a large extent. This assignment will highlight about the organization Xiaomi and their marketing and pricing strategy around the whole world. It will also highlight about the overall performance of the organization in terms of its marketing and financial performance. 1: Main competitors of Xiaomi in the markets of China, India and United States The organization Xiaomi has a global presence in the major markets of China, India and United States. China- In case of Chinese market, the main competitors of the smart phone organization is Samsung, Hauwei, Lenovo and Apple. In case of market share of the market share of the competitors, it can be seen that the market share of Apple is 14.7 percent, Samsung is 19.9 percent, and Lenovo is 10.5 percent, whereas Xiaomi has a market share of only 9.2 percent. In case of sale volumes, Samsung has a sales volume of 9.6 million; Apple has a sales volume of 14.5 million whereas Xiaomi has a sales volume 13.5 million for the 1st quarter of 2015 (Lee, 2014). India- In the market of India, the major competitors of Xiaomi are Samsung, Micromax, Apple, Microsoft, Lenovo, etc. Samsung has a market share of 25 percent, whereas Micromax has a market share of 20.4 percent. In case of sales volumes, the sales volume of Samsung is 8 millions, Micromax is 7 millions in case of sales volume in Indian Smartphone market. United Kingdom- In the smart phone market segment of United Kingdom, the primary competitors of Xiaomi are Apple, Samsung, HTC, Microsoft, LG and others. In case of market share of the organizations, it is seen that, Samsung is the market leader with 31.8 percent market share and is closely followed by Apple with 22.9 percent of market share. Xiaomi is lagging behind in case of obtaining some portion of market share in United Kingdom (Xie and Liang, 2013). Figure 1: Graphical presentation of global handset makers market share in smart phone segment (Source: dazeinfo.com, 2014) In case of competitive positioning of the organization, the organization lies in the category of low price and low quality segment among the wide range of competitors in the given markets. 2: Main strategy of Xiaomi in the market segments The primary strategy of the organization Xiaomi is market penetration and cost effective strategy. The organization sells cost effective products which are cheaper in price among the competitors in the market. The pricing strategy is designed by the organization to penetrate the market and surpass its competitors effective. However, the organization implies word of mouth marketing other than any forms of advertising. The market share of the organization is lagging behind due to ineffective means of advertising. The main strategy of the organization is to create a viral marketing process by minimizing the prices of their products in terms of their competitors. They can easily penetrate the market and create effective word of mouth marketing among a wide segment of customers through the market of China, India and United Kingdom (White, 2010). 3: Explaining Xiaomis Advertisement Approach Xiaomi has come into the mobile market in just 5 years earlier with aim of marketing smartphone and other electronic gadgets. But it is needed to be stated that when the company stepped in the market, it has already gone populated and almost acquired by the mobile and technical giants like Samsung, Nokia, Apple, Blackberry and others (Shih, Lin and Luarn, 2014). Henceforth, application of the strategical advertisement policies seemed to be literally necessary. On the other hand, promotion and advertisement has helped Xiaomi to reach to a large number of people in China. At the same time, its slow stride to the doors of the common people stating the versatility of its products and pointing to the distinction with the other potential but similar products of other organisations of the market lead the people feel extremely fascinated for the products. As the company is marketing its products extensively by suggesting the point of similarity and dissimilarity with the other products available in the market, people feel more exquisite. It is quite sure that the organisation has expends a lot after advertisement and promotion, it also appears to be a booster for increasing of the sale of the products. According to Hettne (2010), the advertisement is literally proved to be quite significant for the strategical development of the organisation. Xiaomi has enabled itself in the extensive organisational development. But it is needed to be stated that Xiaomi seemed to have applied a complete shift from non advertising to extensive advertisement. Application of the advertising and promotion strategy has proved to be literally successful for the organisation which has enabled the organisation in acquiring the market place. It also treats to be a strategical approach for the congenial development of the organisation intrinsically. 4: Key Measures of Success for Xiaomis Strategy Advertisement appears to be the most intrinsic and successful strategy that Xiaomi has applied so far. It is also a unique approach that determines intrinsically that approach of Xiaomi in the market is sophisticated. Both in television and digital media advertising, Xiaomi stood to be the top. In the past 2 years, a report of Denning (2014) projects, Xiaomi has received a market growth of 19.24% internationally along with China. Mostly people prefer these devices because Xiaomi has availed its marketing approach by applying better marketing orientation. It also provides products extensively technology in their products with a limited range which can be paid easily by the customers. Figure 2: Growth rate of smart phone (Source: www.idc.com, 2015) In comparison with the other international companies of gadgets, Xiaomi has joined the race ads has claimed the ladder intrinsically in the past year. Sales have also received a consecutive boost. A research of Srivastava (2010) projects every year it receives a 7% development. Approach of organisational development has proved to be a marker for the organisation which leads to attain to be the most intrinsic approach for the conditional development. Conclusion: The researcher so far has stated the process of marketing development with the advertisement approach. The research has also identified the issues which are quite essential and potential in this approach which attains to be intrinsic aspect. References White, M. (2010). Information anywhere, any when: The role of the smartphone.Business Information Review,27(4), 242-247. Xie, W.and Liang, H. (2013). A case study: Innovation strategy assessment of the leading smartphone companies. InInnovation Conference (SIIC), 2013 Suzhou-Silicon Valley-Beijing International, pp. 121-126 An, X., Xu, S., Mu, Y., Wang, W., Bai, X. Y., Dawson, A., and Han, H. (2012). Emerald Article: Meta-synthetic support frameworks for reuse of government information resources on city travel and traffic: The case of Beijing.information systems,46(1), 5-20. Lee, Y. F. L. (2014). When Google Meets Xiaomi: Comparative Case Study in Western and Eastern Corporate Management.Journal of International Technology and Information Management,23(3-4), 75. Denning, S. (2014). An economy of access is opening for business: five strategies for success.Strategy Leadership, 42(4), pp.14-21. Hettne, B. (2010). Development Beyond Market-led Globalization.Development, 53(1), pp.37-41. Shih, C., Lin, T. and Luarn, P. (2014). Fan-centric social media: The Xiaomi phenomenon in China.Business Horizons, 57(3), pp.349-358. Srivastava, R. (2010). Effectiveness of global advertisement on culture of India: an emerging market.International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(1), pp.102-113 dazeinfo.com, 2014 : Global handset makers market share in smart phone segment, accessed on 30/06/2015. www.idc.com, (2015).Global Smartphone Growth Expected to Slow to 11.3% in 2015 as Market Penetration Increases in Top Markets, According to IDC. [online] Available at: https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25641615 [Accessed 30 Jun. 2015].